TISSUE INTEGRITY APPLE

• Name three components that fall under the category of carbohydrates.

  Carbohydrates include sugars, starch, and fiber as essential components.
• Differentiate between soluble and insoluble fiber and explain their impact on LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol.

  1. Soluble fiber, found in oats and fruits, helps lower LDL cholesterol.

  
  

  2. Insoluble fiber, present in wheat bran and vegetables, aids in digestion and also contributes to lowering LDL cholesterol levels.
• What role do carbohydrates play in controlling blood glucose and insulin metabolism, and what is their primary function as a nutrient?

  Carbohydrates regulate blood glucose and insulin metabolism while serving as the main source of energy for the body. Examples include sugar, starch, and fiber.
• Why is a high glycemic index associated with concerns for health in carbohydrates?

  Carbohydrates with a high glycemic index can lead to rapid spikes in blood sugar, raising concerns for health as it may impact energy levels and insulin response.
• Differentiate between essential and nonessential amino acids in proteins.

  Essential amino acids must be obtained through the diet as the body cannot produce them, while nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.
• Explain the difference between complete (animal) and incomplete (plant) proteins.

  1.Complete protein:found in animal sources, contain all essential amino acids.

  
  

  2.Incomplete proteins:from plant sources lack one or more essential amino acids.
• What does the term "nitrogen balance" refer to in the context of proteins?

  Nitrogen balance:is a measure of the body's protein status, indicating whether protein intake matches the body's needs.

  
  

  Positive nitrogen balance occurs when intake exceeds needs, while negative balance occurs when needs surpass intake.
• What is positive nitrogen balance vs negative nitrogen balance?

  Positive nitrogen balance occurs when intake exceeds needs, while negative balance occurs when needs surpass intake.
• Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in lipids.

  Saturated fatty acids:have no double bonds and are typically solid at room temperature,

  
  

  Unsaturated fatty acids:have one or more double bonds and are usually liquid at room temperature.
• Define monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the context of lipids.

  1. Monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond

  
  

  2. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have two or more double bonds

  
  

  3. both are considered healthier options for heart health.
• What are trans fatty acids, and why are they a concern in the diet?

  Trans fatty acids are unsaturated fats with trans double bonds.

  
  

  They are a concern due to their association with increased risk of heart disease and adverse effects on cholesterol levels.
• What is the role of cholesterol in the context of lipids?

  Cholesterol is a lipid essential for cell structure and hormone synthesis.

  
  

  However, elevated levels can contribute to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
• What is the role of cholesterol in the context of lipids?

  Cholesterol is a lipid essential for cell structure and hormone synthesis.

  
  

  However, elevated levels can contribute to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
• Define triglycerides and explain their function in the body.

  Triglycerides are the most common type of fat and serve as a storage form of energy in the body.
• Differentiate between "good" and "bad" fats.

  1."Good" fats:such as monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, are beneficial for heart health and can be found in sources like avocados and nuts.

  
  

  2."Bad" fats:like saturated and trans fats, can contribute to cardiovascular issues and are often found in processed foods and some animal products.
• Describe the importance of water for cells and its role in maintaining a fluid environment.

  Cells depend on a fluid environment provided by water for various biochemical processes, ensuring proper function and communication within the body.
• How does water contribute to the regulation of body temperature?

  Water plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature through processes like sweating and heat dissipation, helping to maintain optimal internal conditions.
• What is the recommended daily water intake for most adults?

  Most adults need around 3 liters of water per day.
• Why might fluid restrictions be necessary for certain health conditions?

  Fluid restrictions may be imposed in conditions like heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) to manage fluid balance.
• Identify three ways the body loses fluids, and briefly explain each.

  Fluid loss occurs through sweating, elimination (urination and defecation), and respiration (exhalation), all contributing to maintaining overall fluid balance in the body.
• Differentiate between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, providing examples for each category.

  1. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in the body's fat tissues

  
  

  2. Water-soluble vitamins (B, C) are not stored and need regular intake.

  
  

  Examples:include vitamin A (fat-soluble) and vitamin C (water-soluble).
• Explain the role of minerals as catalysts for biochemical reactions in the body.

  Minerals serve as catalysts, facilitating biochemical reactions crucial for processes like energy production, nerve function, and muscle contraction.
• Differentiate between macrominerals and microminerals, providing examples for each category.

  1. Macrominerals (Ca, Na, K) are required in larger amounts

  
  

  2. Microminerals (Fe, Mg) are needed in smaller quantities but are equally essential for various physiological functions.
• How should older persons approach nutritional advice in alignment with their health status?

  Older individuals should follow nutritional advice tailored to their health status, considering factors like chronic conditions and dietary requirements that may change with age.
• Why might older persons require increased intake of fiber and vitamins in their diet?

  Older individuals may need more fiber and vitamins to support digestive health and compensate for potential nutrient deficiencies associated with aging.
• Explain how changes in the body that occur with age can impact eating habits among older persons.

  Changes in the body, such as decreased metabolism, altered nutrient absorption, and changes in appetite, can impact eating habits and nutritional needs in older individuals.
• Identify social and economical challenges that older persons may face in maintaining proper nutrition.

  Social and economical challenges may include limited access to nutritious foods, financial constraints, or social isolation, all of which can impact the ability to maintain a balanced diet.
• How do changes in senses, such as taste and smell, contribute to nutritional challenges for older persons?

  Changes in senses can affect the enjoyment of food, potentially leading to decreased appetite or reliance on less nutritious options, posing challenges to maintaining a well-balanced diet.
• How does nutrition impact the healing of wounds in the integumentary system?

  Adequate nutrition is crucial for wound healing, providing essential nutrients like protein, vitamins, and minerals that support tissue repair and regeneration.
• Identify and briefly explain the stages of wound healing.

  Wound healing involves three stages:

  
  

  1. inflammation (cleansing and defense)

  
  

  2. Proliferation (rebuilding tissue),

  
  

  3. Maturation (strengthening and remodeling).
• Describe the healing process in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary intention.

  1.Primary intention:involves the healing of a clean, well-approximated wound with minimal tissue loss

  
  

  2.Secondary intention:occurs in wounds with tissue loss

  
  

  3.Tertiary intention:involves delayed closure of wounds with controlled infection.
• What is a Pressure Injury (PI), and how does it relate to the integumentary system?

  A Pressure Injury (PI) is damage to the skin and underlying tissues due to prolonged pressure.

  
  

  It affects the integumentary system by compromising blood flow and leading to tissue necrosis.
• Explain Incontinence Associated Dermatitis (IAD) and its impact on the integumentary system.

  Incontinence Associated Dermatitis (IAD) is skin damage resulting from exposure to urine or feces.

  
  

  It affects the integumentary system by causing inflammation and breakdown of the skin barrier.
• Define atherosclerosis and explain its potential impact on the integumentary system.

  Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the arteries, limiting blood flow.

  
  

  It can impact the integumentary system by reducing nutrient and oxygen supply to the skin, potentially contributing to skin-related issues.
• How does dehydration influence the integumentary system, and what role does adequate hydration play in maintaining skin health?

  Dehydration can lead to dry and flaky skin, impairing the skin's barrier function.

  
  

  Adequate hydration is essential for maintaining skin elasticity and overall skin health.
• What are the characteristics of acute wounds, and provide an example?

  Acute wounds have a sudden onset, heal rapidly.

  
  

  Examples:include surgical wounds or skin tears.
• What are the characteristics of chronic wounds, and provide examples?

  Chronic wounds exhibit delayed healing, and the cause is often not removed.

  
  

  Examples:include venous ulcers, diabetic ulcers, and pressure injuries that can become chronic.
• What factors increase the risk of skin tear, and why is caution advised during transferring in individuals prone to skin tears?

  Skin tear risk is elevated with thinning of the epidermis, influenced by factors like dehydration, poor nutrition, certain illnesses, and steroid use.

  
  

  Caution during transferring is crucial to prevent trauma, as any open area is susceptible to infection.
• How does the Primary Intention wound healing process occur, and provide an example?


  Primary involves the closure of tissue surfaces with minimal loss, leading to increased healing speed and a lower risk of infection.

  
  

  Example:is the healing of a surgical incision.
• What characterizes the Secondary Intention wound healing process, and give an example?

  Secondary involves significant tissue loss, longer healing time, greater chances of scarring, and an increased risk of infection.

  
  

  Examples:include burns, pressure injuries, severe lacerations, skin tears, and surgical wound dehiscence, all of which may eventually lead to tertiary intention.