Physical Education

• cranium

  Protects the brain.
• Vertebrae

  Protects the spinal cord
• Sternum and ribs

  Protects the heart and lungs
• Scapula

  Helps arm and shoulder movement.
• Clavicle

  Forms part of the shoulder joint to assist arm movement.
• Pelvis

  Helps leg movement.
• Humerus

  used by muscles to move the whole arm.
• Ulna and radius

  Used by muscles to move lower arm.
• Carpals

  Allows movement of the arm.
• Metacarpals

  Allows the hand to have grip
• Phalanges

  Used by muscles to move and bend fingers.
• Femur

  Used by muscles to move the whole leg.
• Fibula and tibia

  Used by muscles to move the lower leg.
• Patella

  Stops the knee joint from rubbing together against the femur.
• Tarsals

  Bears the body weight when on foot.
• Metatarsals

  Used by muscles to move the whole foot.
• Phalanges

  Used by muscles to move and the toes.
• Support

  The skeleton supports the soft tissues like skin and muscles.
• Posture

  The skeleton gives us the right posture eg. Good posture improves posture in gymnastics.
• Protection

  They protect vital organs like the brain, heart and lungs. Eg the skull protects our brain when we head a football in football.
• Movement

  Movement is essential for good performance in sport.
• Making blood cells

  Athletes with more red blood cells perform better. This is because more oxygen can be delivered to our muscles.
• Mineral storage

  They are needed for muscles contraction.
• Synovial Joint

  The bones at a synovial joint are held together by ligament. The end of the bones are covered with cartilage.
• hinge joints

  Knee- Femur,tibia
• Hinge joint

  Elbow-Humerus,radius and ulna.
• Ball and socket joint.

  Shoulder-Humerus,Scapula
• Ball and socket

  Hip-Pelvis,Femur.
• Flexion


  Closing a joint eg. The wrist Movement during a basketball throw.
• Extension

  Opening a joint eg. Kicking a ball
• Rotation

  Clockwise or anticlockwise movement. The leg movement during a turnout in ballet.
• Abduction

  Movement away from the imagery line. Eg taking back a tennis racket before hitting it.
• Circumduction

  Movement of a limb. Eg bowling a cricket ball overarm.
• Adduction

  Movement towards an imaginary line. Eg swinging a golf club.
• Ligaments

  Holds bones together to restrict how much joints can move. They are tough and fibrous.
• Cartilage

  Acts likes a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movements.
• Tendons

  Attaches muscles to bones.
• Deltoids

  Flexion and extension. Eg During front crawl in swimming.
• Trapezius

  Extension at the neck.Eg preparing to head a football.
• latissimus dorsi

  Extension, adduction or rotation at the shoulder. Eg during a butterfly stroke in swimming.