Biology Chapters 40-43

• Ecology:


  the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components in their environment.
• biome:


  a major terrestrial or aquatic life zone, characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes and the physical environment in aquatic biomes.
• 1. desert

  2. temperate grassland

  3. northern coniferous forest

  4. temperate broadlead forest

  5. tropical forest

  6. arctic and alpine tundra


  6 types of climates:
• 1. a consequence of both egological factors and evolutionary history

  2. where do species occur?

  3. why do they occur there?

  4. what ecological factors, biotic and abiotic, determine their distribution?

  4 key points to species distribution:
• temperature, water, oxygen, salinity, sunlight, soil, wind, elevation


  Examples of abiotic:
• predation, herbivory, competition, mutualism, parasitism, facilitation, tolerance, inhibition


  examples of biotic:
• Endemic:


  a biological taxon (genus, species, variety, etc.) native to and restricted to a particular area or region and not found nturally anywhere in the world.
• Native or indigenous:


  a biological taxon native to a particular are or region; can be found naturally in other areas.
• Exotic or Introduced:


  a biological taxon that is not native or indigenous to a particular area or region and that has been accidentally or deliberately introduced into the area. Subsequent establishment and range expansion of introduced species may or may not involve human activity. Some introduced species never become established.
• Invasive:


  a species that ia non-native or introduced to an ecosystem that becomes established, spreads, and is likely to cause damage to biodiversity, agricultural protection, or human health.
• organismal --> population --> community --> ecosystem --> landscape --> global

  Ecology Ladder organization:
• individual--> population --> community --> ecosystem

  Ecology organism organization:
• freshwater


  what is the salinity of lakes?
• marine


  what is the salinity of the intertidal zone?
• marine


  what is the salinity if the photic zone?
• marine


  what is the salinity of the aphotic zone?
• larger and deeper than ponds


  What is the size of a lake?
• smaller and shallower than lakes


  What is the size of a pond?
• smaller and shallower than rivers?


  what is the size of a stream?
• larger and deeper than streams


  what is the size of a river?
• varies


  What is the size of a bog?
• varies


  what is the size of a marsh?
• varies


  what is the size of the swamp?
• varies


  what is the size of a estuary?
• narrow


  what is the size of the intertidal zone?
• large


  what is the size of the pelagic realm?
• large


  what is the size of the benthic realm?
• within 200m in depth


  what is the size of the photic zone?
• beyond 200m in depth


  what is the size of the aphotic zone?
• relatively still


  the water movement in a lake is
• relatively still


  the water movement in a pond is
• fast, in one direction


  the water movement in a stream is
• fast, in one direction


  the water movement in a river is
• relatively still


  the water movement in a bog is
• relaticely still


  the water movement in a marsh is
• relatively still


  the water movement in a swamp is
• slow-still


  the water movement in a eustary is
• waves and tides


  the water movement in the intertidal zone is
• ocean currents


  the water movement in the continental shelf is
• ocean currents


  the water movement in the pelagic realm is