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• What is a Drug

  • A substance that alters the physiology of the body but is not a food or nutrient.
• the three different ways that a drug can be named

  • Chemical Name

  o A drug's chemical name reveals its chemical composition and molecular structure

  • Generic Name

  o Generic drugs must contain the same active ingredients as the original brand name drug, and they must be pharmacologically equivalent

  • Trade Name

  o Pharmaceutical companies also may patent brand names, or trade names, for their product
• What are excipients


  • is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
• what are the aspects considered of pharmacokinetics?

  • Administration

  o How a drug gets into the body

  • Absorption

  o How a drug gets into the blood

  • Distribution

  o How it travels

  • Binding at Sites of Action

  o Where the drug needs to go

  • Inactivation and Excretion

  o How the drug leaves
• what is Intraperitoneal administration

  o Injected directly into the peritoneal cavity
• what is intrathecal administration


  o Injected into the nervous system cerebro-spinal fluid
• what is intraventricular administration


  o Injected into the brain

  • Via cannula
• What is the great part of administering drugs via inhalation?

  • direct Diffusion allows for precise control of blood levels
• what is peroral adminstration of a drug?

  o Through way of mouth
• one example of a drug absorbtion that occurs through the buccal membranes

  o chewing tobacco
• When would a suppository way of administration be benifical, and define suppository administration

  • is a drug delivery system that is inserted into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra (urethral suppository), where it dissolves.

  • Great for-Unconscious, Vomiting
• can you administer water soluble drugs through via transdermal administration?

  no, but you can administer lipid soluble drugs via transdermal patch

  
  

  ex-nicotine patch
• how are lipid soluble drugs excreted?

  they are metabolized via liver--> made more soluble-->excreted via kidneys or as bile
• • First-Pass Metabolism is________

  passing through the liver before going anywhere else in the body, Subjected to liver enzymes
• the two main enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism are____________

  1)- Alcohol dehydrogenase

  2)- aldehyde dehydrogenase
• what drug blocks the metabolism of Aldehyde dehydrogenase?

  disulfiram (antabuse)
• what factors affect metabolism of metabolism of drugs

  Age-Young not able to metabolize the dose of an adult, and elderly may have impaired liver or kidneys. elderly may also have hyperactive liver or kidneys due to long term tolerance

  
  

  Sex- Males typically metabolize faster than females and typically have lower fat stores

  
  

  Species
• what is the Dose response curve?

  • shows Relationship between dose and response is called the dose-response curve (DRC).

  • To determine the effect of a drug, we have to study several doses and measure the change in some response.

  • Important characteristic of DRC is slope. It refers to the mostly linear central part of the curve; how sharply the effect changes with each change in dose.
• what is ED50


  o The Median effective dose
• what is LD50


  o Median lethal dose

  • The dose that was lethal in 50% of the subjects tested
• what is TI


  • TI = LD50 / ED50

  o The greater the TI, the safer the drug; the difference between the desired effect and the undesired or lethal effect is larger.

  • If two drugs produce a therapeutic effect that is desirable, the better drug (all things being equal) would be the one with the larger TI.

  • The lower the TI, the lower the safety.
• what is Potency


  o Differences in the ED50
• what is Effectiveness


  o Differences in the maximum effect that drugs will produce at any dose

  Effectiveness: The maximum effect obtainable, with additional doses producing no effect.
• what is the difference btwn potency and effectiveness?

  o Some drugs may be potent, but they might never be able to produce a peak response no matter how much is given

  o A drug that is more effective can produce a greater peak, or maximum, effect than a drug that is less effective.
• what is a Primary/main effect

  o Intended result in treatment
• what is a Side effect

  o Unintended; may be harmful
• what is a therapeutic window

  The therapeutic window is a range of blood concentrations of a medicine above a level that is ineffective (therapeutic level) and a level that has toxic side effects (toxic level).
• what is Drug Antagonism


  o Where one drug diminishes the effect of the other
• how is a neurons resting potential maintained?

  o Active transport Na/K pump

  o Electrostatic charge

  o Diffusion

  o Ion channels
• what is the All-or-None law?

  o Principle that action potential will always be the same
• what is Spatial summation

  • when 2 + more neurons release transmitters onto the same target neuron
• what degrades Acetylcholine (ACh)

  • Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
• the two types of Cholinergic receptors are???

  • Nicotinic

  • Muscarinic
• what are the two groups of Monoamines (Biogenic Amines)

  Catecholamines

  Indoleamines
• describe the synthesis of the Catecholamines

  • Tyrosine - catecholamine precursor

  • L-Dopa

  • Dopamine (DA)

  • Norepinephrine (NE)

  • Epinephrine (E)
• What is the precursor for Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT))

  • Tryptophan
• how are Monoamines degraded

  • Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

  • Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
• what is GABA


  • Inhibitory NT and receptor

  binding-->Opens CI- channels

  • Reduces likelihood of action potential
• two amino acid NTs other than GABA

  • Glycine

  • Glutamate

  o Excitatory only

  o Blocked by Phencyclidine (PCP)

  o Alcohol blocks Glutamate effect
• what is one peptide NT


  o Opioid-Type Peptides (Enkephalines or Endorphins)