Migration

• Migration: movement of people from one place to another.
• Internal migration: Migration within a countries borders
• Net migration: The difference between the number of people who enter the country and those who leave
• International migration: Migration which is occurring across international borders
• Emigrant: Someone who is leaving a country
• Immigrant: Someone who is entering a country
• Push factors

  • lack of food
  • lack of services
  • lack of employment and government investment
  • extreme physical conditions
  • Government taking land for government buildings
• Pull factors

  • Prospect of reliable source of food
  • Government investing in services and healthcare
  • Better housing
  • Better healthcare and education
• Origin country: where people emigrate from

  Destination: where people immigrate to
• Intervening obstacles = visa, border control, mountain, ocean

  
• Voluntary migration: People who chose to move (e.g. economic migrants - work)
• Forces migration: People who flee war or other hardships (e.g. environmental migrants - natural disasters)
• Temporary migration: People who move seasonally for work
• Permanent migration: People who move and don't return home
• Push factors Poland​:

  -GDP per capita of $20,100 (many migrants work in secondary and primary sector​)

  -17.4% of people employed in agriculture – these jobs are low paid and decreasing - machinery​

  -12% unemployed

  -17% of population below poverty line​

  -Life expectancy 76 years​

  ​
• Pull factors UK

  -Member of the EU so can travel without a visa and able to work​

  -GDP per capita $35,900​

  -1.4% employed in agriculture​

  -7.9% unemployment ​

  -14% of population below poverty line​

  -Life expectancy 80.1 years

  -Knowledge of good transport links back to poland
• Impacts on the source country - Poland​

  • Remittance (country earned money - 4 billion)​
  • Informal working so no tax ​
  • Less workers so less tax​
  • Brain Drain (all the clever people leaving to another country)
•  Impacts on the host country - UK​

  • Cultural exchange​
  • Lots of tax from the migrant workers​
  • Informal working so no tax meaning British firms were undercut​
  • Friction between locals + migrants -> segregation​
  • Jobs filled
• Rural - Urban migration: movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. This movement causes urbanisation, the process by which a country becomes urban

  Urban Sprawl: Urban growth that is uncontrolled and consumes surrounding villages and rural area
• Rural-urban (young people, economically active)


  Push - lack of job opportunities, quiet and not much social life, fewer education and services

  Pull - more job opportunities, more vibrant lifestyle, more education (university) and healthcare

  Effect on source - ageing population, rural depopulation, services close

  Effect on host - urban sprawl, overcrowding, traffic, slums may develop
• Urban-rural (old people, wealthy people)

  Push - too noisy, fast paced life, overcrowding, not enough greenery, pollution

  Pull - clean air, quieter, less crowded, nice scenery, can work online, cheaper

  Effect on source - urban decay, lots of empty property, increased crime

  Effect on host - ageing population, may increase prices, traffic congestion, increased demand on services
• Suburbanisation (young families)


  Push - more congested, deindustrialisation (unemployment)

  Pull - 'higher quality of life', lower crime rate

  Effect on source - high unemployment, high crime rates

  Effect on host - increase prices, increase demand for services, traffic