earth and life nanaman

• Magma


  A mixture of molten rock, minerals and gases
• Three ways to generate magma

  1. Decompression melting

  2. Transfer of heat

  3. Flux melting
• Exogenic processes


  External mechanisms that happen at or near the earth's surface
• Exogenic processes


  • Weathering
  • Mass movements
  • Erosion
  • Deposition
  • Physical weathering
  • Chemical weathering
  • Biological weathering
  • Rapid mass
  • Slow mass
• Weathering


  A set of exogenic mechanisms that change the physical and chemical nature of rocks at or near the surface
• Mass movement


  The downward sloping movement of regolith or a loose uncemented mixture of soil and rock particles that covers the earth's surface
• Erosion


  The exogenic geological process in which materials are worn away and transported by natural forces and agents like the wind (aeolian) or water
• Deposition


  The addition and laying down of sediments transported by wind, water, or ice
• Continental drift theory


  Proposed by Alfred Wegener, a German climatologist. A theory that Pangaea ("all earth") had already existed during the Permian period and had drifted apart
• Mantle convection theory


  One of the supporting theory of Continental Drift stating that as the mantle heats up, its density decreases and eventually rises exhibiting a circling behavior similar to that of the conveyor belt
• Slab-pull theory


  According to this theory, gravity and the plates themselves are responsible for plate tectonics via the subduction process
• Types of plate boundaries

  • Convergent Boundary
  • Divergent Boundary
  • Transform-fault Boundary
• Stratigraphy


  A branch of geology that studies sedimentary rock layers and layering in the earth's crust
• Laws of stratigraphy


  • Law of Superposition
  • Law of Original Horizontality
  • Law of Lateral Continuity
  • Law of Cross-cutting Relationship
• Relative dating


  Identification of index fossils allows the sequencing of geological events according to age or chronology
• Geological time scale


  • Eons
  • Eras
  • Periods
  • Epochs
• Earthquakes


  The result of the sudden release of energy that originates from elastically strained rocks beneath
• Hypocenter


  The actual location where the fracture happens, and eventually earthquake, is called its focus or hypocenter
• Epicenter


  The epicenter, on the other hand, is the location on the surface that is directly above the focus of the earthquake
• Seismographs


  Instruments used to record the motion of the ground during an earthquake
• Seismic waves


  • Body waves
  • Primary waves
  • Secondary waves
  • Surface waves
  • Love waves
  • Rayleigh waves
• Richter scale


  Used to quantify and report the magnitude of an earthquake event
• Tsunamis


  Large ocean waves that may generate after an earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption
• Effusive eruptions


  Composed of low viscosity magma (basaltic to andesitic) and less gas. Lava flows are produced on the surface, which then moves downslope
• Fissure eruptions


  A fissure eruption (vents in cracks on the ground instead of the volcano's opening) results when the magma intersects the surfaces along a fracture
• Phreatic eruptions


  When magma heats the overlying groundwater, steam is formed, which blasts through the surrounding rock materials or sediment deposits
• Thunderstorm


  Short but intense storm accompanied by precipitation such al real or hail, lightning and thunder, and gusty winds
• Monsoons


  Seasonal variations in the prevailing or strongest wind direction of a particular region
• Flood


  A brief rise in water level in a stream to a peak from which the water level recedes at a slower rate
• Cell


  The basic unit of life. The invention of the microscope has facilitated an extensive understanding of cells and cellular processes
• Jans Jansen, Zacharias Jansen and Hans Lippershey were credited for the invention of compound microscope that contains an eyepiece for viewing samples and objective lenses
• Athanasius Kircher, a Jesuit priest, he observed that maggots and other organisms emerged from decaying bodies of animals
• Robert Hooke described microscopic compartments in a sliced piece of cork which he called "cells" from the Latin word "cella" which means "small room". Micrographia
• Antonie Philips van Leewenhoek, Dutch scientist who studied organisms invisible to the naked eye called "animalcules"
• John Tuberville Needham proposed initial ideas that microorganisms do not come from preexisting ones. He conducted experiments wherein he heated infusions (nutrient broth) and thought that the heat had already killed all animalcules before the container was tightly sealed and stored
• Robert Brown recognized the importance of some parts of the cell particularly the nucleus
• Carl Benda discovered the mitochondrion or mitochondria
• Camilo Golgi discovered Golgi Apparatus
• Cell Theory


  All cells come from preexisting cell
• Theory of Special Creation

  Man and everything on Earth resulted from an unconditional divine decree