CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

• smallest component of an element

  atom
• contains protons, electrons, and neutrons

  atom
• positively charged particles that reside in the nucleus (core of the atom)

  protons
• negatively charged particles that travel in the space around the nucleus (outside the nucleus)

  electrons
• can be found inside the nucleus and has no charge

  neutrons
• results of the reaction between two or more atoms of the same element or with atoms of another element

  molecules
• interactions involving atoms of elements combining with one another

  chemical bonding
• 1. covalent bond
  2. ionic bond
  3. hydrogen bond


  types of chemical bonding
• electrons are shared

  covalent bond
• an electron is transferred from one atom to another

  ionic bond
• happens when hydrogen combines with oxygen and with another electromagnetic atom

  hydrogen bond
• always contain carbon and hydrogen

  organic molecules
• atoms are held together by covalent bond

  organic molecules
• associated with living organisms

  organic molecules
• composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in definite ratio, 1:2:1, with general formula of CH2O

  carbohydrates
• main source of energy in the body

  carbohydrates
• 1. monosaccharides
  2. disaccharides
  3. polysaccharides


  types of carbohydrates
• simple sugar

  monosaccharides
• important source of cell energy

  monosaccharides
• • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose


  monosaccharides
• double sugar

  disaccharides
• two monosaccharides bonded together

  disaccharides
• principle sugar transported throughout the bodies of plants

  disaccharides
• • sucrose (glucose and fructose)
  • lactose (galactose and glucose)
  • maltose (glucose and glucose)


  disaccharides
• complex sugar

  polysaccharides
• many monosaccharides bonded togeter

  polysaccharides
• starch

  polysaccharides
• composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with no definite ratio, the number of oxygen atom is very much less compared to hydrogen atoms

  lipids
• storage of energy and important component of cell membrane

  lipids
• • fatty meats and fish
  • cheese
  • butter
  • avocado
  • nuts and seeds
  • chocolate

  lipids
• 1. simple lipids
  2. compound lipids
  3. steroids


  types of lipids
• triglycerides

  simple lipids
• composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol

  simple lipids
• composed of lipids found in combination with other compounds

  compound lipids
• composed of four fused rings of carbon atoms with functional groups attached

  steroids
• composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen plus other elements such as sulfur, iron, iodine, etc

  proteins
• 1. fibrous protein
  2. globular protein
  3. conjugated protein


  types of protein
• polypeptides are arranged parallel along a single axis to produce long fibers or sheets

  fibrous proteins
• • collagen
  • keratin
  • fibrinogen
  • muscle proteins
  • silk


  fibrous protein
• polypeptides are so tightly folded into spherical or globular shapes

  globular protein