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• Prokaryotes


  Older, more basic cell type that lacks membrane-bound organelles
• Eukaryotes


  Newer, more complex cell type that has membrane-bound organelles
• Using a light microscope to differentiate prokaryotes and eukaryotes

  1. Look for the presence of a nucleus

  2. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, eukaryotes have a nucleus
• Light microscope


  • Uses light to illuminate specimens
  • Has limited magnification
• Electron microscope


  • Uses a beam of electrons to examine cell structure
  • Allows for higher magnification and better resolution than light microscope
  • Can only be used on non-living specimens
• Cell organelles


  • Nucleus
  • Ribosome
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
• Nucleus


  Coordinates the cell's activities and stores genetic material
• Ribosome


  Responsible for protein synthesis
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum


  Transports proteins produced by the ribosome to the Golgi apparatus
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum


  Site of phospholipid synthesis
• Golgi apparatus


  Modifies and packages proteins into vesicles, then sends them to their destination
• Proteins are not just related to muscles or steak, they have many other functions in the body
• Rough ER


  Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Smooth ER


  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, site of synthesis of phospholipids
• Golgi apparatus


  Packs proteins into vesicles, modifies them, sends them to their destination
• Proteins


  Not just for muscles, control every bodily process
• Lysosomes


  Rubbish bin, breaks down waste products
• Organelles involved in synthesis, production, and processing of proteins and lipids

  • m to the Golgi apparatus
  • Rough ER
  • Smooth ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
• Vacuoles


  Provide structural support in plants, used for storage and waste disposal
• Plastids


  Contain genetic material, play role in synthesis and storage, found in plants
• Cell walls


  Rigid structure found in plants, provide structure to the cell
• Cell membrane


  More fluid structure found in eukaryotic cells, not as rigid as cell walls
• Cytoskeleton


  Supports cell structure and movement, assists transportation within the cell
• Centrioles


  Involved in cell division
• Cilia and flagella


  Hair-like structures involved in cell movement and locomotion
• Mitochondria


  Powerhouse of the cell, important in cell respiration and energy production
• Chloroplasts


  Powerhouse of plant cells, important in photosynthesis and converting light to energy
• Ribosome's role in a eukaryotic cell is important to know
• Nucleus' role in a eukaryotic cell is important to know
• Mitochondria's role in a eukaryotic cell compared to chloroplasts in plant cells is important to know
• Summarising each cell structure and its role is important to have in your notes
• Fluid mosaic model


  Model of the cell membrane, consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that facilitate movement of molecules
• Diffusion


  Net movement of anything from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
• Osmosis


  Net diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane
• Concentration gradient


  If a solute is more concentrated in one area, it will move down the gradient from high to low concentration
• Facilitated diffusion


  Movement of a solute through transport proteins when the membrane is impermeable
• Exocytosis


  Transport of substances out of the cell in a vesicle
• Endocytosis


  Transport of substances into the cell in a vesicle
• Surface area to volume ratio

  As a cell grows, its volume increases at a greater rate than its surface area, decreasing the ratio
• Types of autotrophs


  • Photoautotrophs
  • Chemoautotrophs