PR 1 quiz 4th qtr

• Why is it necessary to use the right method or instrument for a particular task?
• Do you think devices and tools always work to the benefit of the user? Why or why not?
• Do you agree that not all instruments or tools are physical objects? Why or why not?
• In a research study, why do you think there is a need for the use of specific research tools?
• What can happen if a researcher's methods and instruments are not prepared meticulously?
• Interview


  A face-to-face conversation between two individuals with the sole purpose of collecting relevant information to satisfy a research purpose
• Types of Interviews


  • Structured Interviews - asking the same predetermined questions to all candidates in the same order and you rate them with a standardized scoring system
  • Semi-structured Interviews - a meeting in which the interviewer does not strictly follow a formalized list of questions
  • Unstructured Interviews - does not rely on a set of premeditated questions in its data-gathering process
• Interview Pros


  • In-depth information
  • Freedom of flexibility
  • Accurate data
• Interview Cons


  • Time-consuming
  • Expensive to collect
• Interview Tools


  • Audio Recorder
  • Digital Camera
  • Camcorder
• Questionnaire


  Process of collecting data through an instrument consisting of a series of questions and prompts to receive a response from individuals
• Questionnaire Pros


  • Can be administered in large numbers and is cost-effective
  • It can be used to compare and contrast previous research to measure change
  • Easy to visualize and analyze
  • Questionnaires offer actionable data
  • Respondent identity is protected
  • Questionnaires can cover all areas of a topic
  • Relatively inexpensive
• Questionnaire Cons


  • Answers may be dishonest or the respondents lose interest midway
  • Questionnaires can't produce qualitative data
  • Questions might be left unanswered
  • Respondents may have a hidden agenda
  • Not all questions can be analyzed easily
• Reporting


  The process of gathering and submitting data to be further subjected to analysis
• The key aspect of data reporting is reporting accurate data because of inaccurate data reporting leads to uninformed decision making
• Reporting Pros


  • Informed decision-making
  • Easily accessible
• Reporting Cons


  • Self-reported answers may be exaggerated
  • The results may be affected by bias
  • Respondents may be too shy to give out all the details
  • Inaccurate reports will lead to uninformed decisions
• Existing data


  New investigative questions in addition to/other than the ones originally used when the data was initially gathered
• An example would be sourcing data from an archive
• Existing Data Pros


  • Accuracy is very high
  • Easily accessible information
• Existing Data Cons


  • Problems with evaluation
  • Difficulty in understanding
• Existing Data Sources


  • Research Journals
  • Surveys
• Observation


  Information on a phenomenon is gathered through observation
• Observation Roles


  • Complete observer
  • Observer as a participant
  • Participant as an observer
  • Complete participant
• Observation Pros


  • Easy to administer
  • There subsists a greater accuracy with results
  • It is a universally accepted practice
  • It diffuses the situation of an unwillingness of respondents to administer a report
  • It is appropriate for certain situations
• Observation Cons


  • Some phenomena aren't open to observation
  • It cannot be relied upon
  • Bias may arise
  • It is expensive to administer
  • Its validity cannot be predicted accurately
• Observation Tools


  • Checklists
  • Direct observation
• Focus group discussion


  Involves asking open-ended questions to a group of individuals usually ranging from 6-10 people, to provide feedback
• A focus group discussion (FGD) is a good way to gather together people from similar backgrounds or experiences to discuss a specific topic of interest
• The group of participants is guided by a moderator (or group facilitator) who introduces topics for discussion and helps the group to participate in a lively and natural discussion amongst themselves
• Focus Group Discussion Pros

  • Information obtained is usually very detailed
  • Cost-effective when compared to one-on-one interviews
  • It reflects speed and efficiency in the supply of results
• Focus Group Discussion Cons

  • Lacking depth in covering the nitty-gritty of a subject matter
  • Bias might still be evident
  • Requires interviewer training
  • The researcher has very little control over the outcome
  • A few vocal voices can drown out the rest
  • Difficulty in assembling an all-inclusive group
• Two-Way Focus Group


  One group watches another group answer the questions posed by the moderator. After listening to what the other group has to offer, the group that listens are able to facilitate more discussion and could potentially draw different conclusions
• Dueling-Moderator Focus Group


  There are two moderators who play the devil's advocate. The main positive of the dueling-moderator focus group is to facilitate new ideas by introducing new ways of thinking and varying viewpoints
• Combination research


  Encompasses the use of innovative methods to enhance participation to both individuals and groups
• This method is key when addressing sensitive subjects
• Combination Research Pros


  • Encourage participants to give responses
  • It stimulates a deeper connection between participants
  • The relative anonymity of respondents increases participation
  • It improves the richness of the data collected
• Combination Research Cons


  • It costs
  • It's the most time-consuming
• Combination Research Tools


  • Online survey
  • Dual Moderator
• Complete the table by providing the required information