Ss history

• Industrial Revolution


  18th to 19th century
• Industrial Revolution


  The economic developments of the 1800s that saw the transformation of agrarian and handicraft economies in Europe and America into industrial urbanized ones
• The term "Industrial Revolution" was first used by French writers but made popular by English economic historian Arnold Toynbee
• Agricultural Revolution


  1. Increase in agricultural production from the mid 18th century to the mid 19th century

  2. Supported the expansion and sustained a large population

  3. Boosted trade

  4. Reduced need for farm workers
• Factors contributing to industrialization

  • Better metals
  • Richer fuel
  • Steam engine
  • Coal and iron
• New steam engines


  Used coal and iron both in their construction and as fuel
• The Industrial Revolution changed Britain dramatically, connecting it and allowing goods to be sent over long distances
• The new industrial towns had smoking factories dominating the skyline, and were horrible to live in - overcrowded, dirty, and with dangerous conditions in the factories and strict rules and punishments
• Mechanization in factories of the textile industry

  1. Previously manufactured in the home (cottage industry)

  2. New inventions like the spinning mule and power loom allowed large-scale production
• Iron and steel were key materials for constructing the tools, machinery, steam engines, and ships needed for industrial progress
• Industrial labor opportunities


  Drew people to the cities from the countryside
• In 1750, only 15% of the population of Britain lived in towns, but by 1850 over 50% lived in towns or cities, and by 1900 it was 85%
• London had 4.5 million people, Glasgow 760,000, Liverpool 685,000, and Manchester and Birmingham 500,000
• Great Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution and was the only mature industrial economy for a long time
• Reasons for Britain's early industrialization

  • Relative peace and stability as an island
  • Abundant native resources
  • Respected and encouraged engineers and inventors
  • Powerful navy and empire bringing in wealth from colonies
• Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, and the United States soon emulated Britain's industrial change, and by 1900 Britain would no longer be at the top with the United States as the world's leading industrial nation in the 20th century
• Minerals


  Raw materials that we get out of the ground like silver, gold, platinum and diamonds
• Revolution


  A great change
• A 15-year-old boy walked on the banks of the Orange River near Hope Town and found a diamond


  1867
• This would spark a revolution and things would change dramatically from this point forward
• Young van Riebeeck arrived at the Cape


  1652
• Many people fled France due to religious persecution and settled in the Cape, they were called the French Huguenots


  1671
• Britain took over the Cape Colony because they were scared that another country would obstruct trade between Britain and eastern countries


  1800s
• Many people from Britain settled in the Cape after the Napoleonic Wars


  1820
• This was a problem for the Boers at that stage, they didn't agree with their liberal way of life and their policies with regards to slavery, so they decided to move up north away from British rule, this was called the Great Trek
• European colonies in South Africa before diamonds were discovered

  • Cape Colony
  • Natal Colony
  • ZAR (Transvaal)
  • Orange Free State
• There were many other people groups in South Africa at that stage like the Zulus, Xhosa, Basotho, Tswana and many more
• Imperialism


  A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force or other means
• Mineral revolution


  The discovery of diamonds that shook South Africa and led to many people flocking there in search of quick riches
• Kimberley


  • Area where diamonds were discovered, not bought by the Cape Colony or Orange Free State
  • Britain initially only wanted the coastline to protect trade, but knew there was potential for riches after the diamond discovery
  • Britain had ties with influential people in Kimberley like Cecil John Rhodes and Vaughan Lotter, founders of De Beers mining company
• Mining claim


  A parcel of land containing valuable minerals that a miner takes hold of with the right to occupy and mine, usually 10x10 meters
• Monopoly


  When a person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity, characterized by lack of competitors and high prices
• Mining compounds


  • Advantages for mine owners: limited diamond smuggling, developed a disciplined workforce
  • Disadvantages for mine workers: poorly maintained, lack of privacy, family separation, development of bad habits like alcohol misuse and gambling
• What event is often cited as the immediate cause of World War 1?

  The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• What was the July Crisis?


  It was a series of diplomatic and governmental miscalculations that led to the outbreak of war.
• When was Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated?


  June 28th, 1914
• What does the acronym M-A-I-N stand for in the context of World War 1 causes?


  • Militarism
  • Alliances
  • Imperialism
  • Nationalism
• How did militarism contribute to the causes of World War 1?


  It created a culture of paranoia and increased military spending among the major powers.
• Which country had the highest percentage increase in military spending from 1890 to 1913?

  Germany with 158%
• What was the size of the peacetime army in France in 1914?


  970,000