Rica

• Aide memoire


  A list of topics, themes, or areas to be covered in a semi-structured interview
• Aide memoire (broader sense)


  A document that records the details of the interview, including gestures, hesitations, change in mood and atmosphere, facial expressions and overall mood of the participant before, during, and after the interview
• Aide memoire notes can be used in coming up with follow-up questions during the follow-up interview
• Thematic analysis


  A good approach to research where you're trying to find out something about people's views, opinions, knowledge, experiences or values from a set of qualitative data
• Thematic analysis approaches


  • Inductive approach - allowing the data to determine your themes
  • Deductive approach - coming to the data with some preconceived themes you expect to find reflected there, based on theory or existing knowledge
• Four stages of the development of themes

  1. Familiarization

  2. Coding

  3. Theme Development

  4. Theme Validation
• Familiarization


  The first step is to get to know the data, including transcribing audio, reading through the text and taking initial notes, and generally looking through the data to get familiar with it
• Coding


  Highlighting sections of the text and coming up with shorthand labels or "codes" to describe their content
• Codes


  • Delayed allowance
  • Pressure of getting high grades
  • Stereotypes on being a scholar
  • Late disbursement of allowance
  • Family economic condition
  • Academic problem due to high standards of education
  • Pressure on how to maintain grades
  • Adjustment to new academic culture
  • Expectations to have to good grades
  • Anxiety that if they fail they will lose the scholarship
  • Stress management
  • Personal problems
  • Stress due to homesickness
  • Missing milestones in the family
• Theme Development


  Looking over the codes, identifying patterns, and coming up with broader themes that combine several codes
• Theme Validation


  Verifying that the generated themes can stand scrutiny and are free from bias, through triangulation (using multiple data sources, methods, or investigators) and extensive literature support
• Interview


  A conversation for gathering information
• Research interview


  • Involves an interviewer, who coordinates the process of the conversation and asks questions
  • Involves an interviewee, who responds to those questions
  • Can be conducted face-to-face, over the telephone, or over the internet
• Qualitative research


  Studies that often make use of interviews as the primary, if not sole, source of data
• Interviews


  • Appropriate method when there is a need to collect in-depth information on people's opinions, thoughts, experiences, and feelings
  • Suitable when the topic of inquiry relates to issues that require complex questioning and considerable probing
  • Face-to-face interviews are suitable when the target population can communicate through face-to-face conversations better than they can communicate through writing or phone conversations
• Types of interviews


  • Structured interviews
  • Semi-structured interviews
  • Unstructured interviews
• Structured interviews


  • Interviewer asks a set of standard, predetermined questions about particular topics, in a specific order
  • Respondents need to select their answers from a list of options
• Semi-structured interviews


  • Interviewer uses a set of predetermined questions and the respondents answer in their own words
  • Some interviewers use a topic guide that serves as a checklist to ensure that all respondents provide information on the same topics
• Unstructured interviews


  • Interviewer has no specific guidelines, restrictions, predetermined questions, or list of options
  • Interviewer asks a few broad questions to engage the respondent in an open, informal, and spontaneous discussion
• DOs in conducting interviews

  • Ask neutral questions that avoid expressing an opinion or desired response
  • Respond to what participants are telling you in a neutral manner
  • Use a neutral, reflective listening type approach to acknowledge emotions participants express
  • Offer to take a break or discontinue the interview, or to move forward to next question if the participant is showing clear psychological distress
  • Think carefully about the order of the questions you ask
  • Be specific when you ask your questions
  • Practice your interview protocol
  • Introduce yourself to the participant, state your goals, ask for consent, and offer to answer any questions
  • Follow up on topics as necessary
  • Compile your notes right after the interview
  • Encourage participants to share more detail about interesting and topic-relevant information they bring up
  • Make eye contact to confirm that you are listening
  • Nod to communicate "I hear you" in a neutral manner
  • Maintain an open posture facing the participant
  • Take intermittent notes on key points or thoughts that might aid analysis later, only after explaining that this is what you intend to do
  • Talk less and listen more
  • Be prepared to handle unanticipated emotions
  • Video record your interviews
  • Choose the right interview setting
  • Limit the content of each question with a single idea to avoid confusion
  • If you have not understood the response ask the respondent to repeat and clarify
  • Avoid using offensive language or terms that may be interpreted by the participant as harsh or rude
  • Control your tone of voice and language → remain as neutral as possible when asking questions or probing on issues
• DON'Ts in conducting interviews


  • Ask leading questions
  • Express agreement, disagreement, approval, or disapproval of what participants share in interviews
  • Respond in an attempt to soothe, comfort, or counsel the participant
  • Ignore signs of psychological distress when participants show these
  • Sway your participant to give you the answer they think you want to hear
  • Impart judgment on what the participant is saying
  • Go way off topic
  • Challenge or question the validity or accuracy of what a participant shares during the interview
  • Stare the participant in the eye without looking away for long periods
  • Nod or shake your head in ways that communicate agreement or disagreement
  • Present a closed posture (i.e., arms crossed, body/face turned away from the participant)
  • Hug or touch the participant, except for a handshake if the participants seems OK with this
  • Ask questions that give responses of 'yes' or 'no'
• Heavenly Father: 'As we gather here today, we thank you for the gift of education and the opportunity to learn and grow. We ask for your guidance and blessings upon our students, teachers and staff. Help us to embrace the challenges and opportunities that this year will bring. Grant us wisdom, patience and understanding as we work together in this community of learning. Bless our efforts and help us to strive for excellence in all that we do. We ask for your protection and care for everyone in our school, and we pray that this year will be filled with joy, discovery and success. In your holy name, we pray. Amen.'
• Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.
• Plasma/Cell Membrane


  • Thin sheet or membrane that surrounds cells
  • Semi-permeable
• Plasma/Cell Membrane


  Allows the entry and exit of molecules that cannot easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer<|>Fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins
• Nucleus


  Commander of the cell<|>Helps control eating, movement, and reproduction<|>Contains DNA
• Nuclear envelope


  • Composed of outer and inner nuclear membranes
  • Perinuclear space is the space in between the membranes
• Nucleolus


  Membrane free organelle found inside the nucleus<|>Where ribosomes are produced
• Cytoplasm


  The material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus
• Cytosol


  A semifluid substance within the cytoplasm
• Cytoskeleton


  • Responsible for the structure of cytoplasm
  • Contains 3 filaments: microfilament, microtubule, and intermediate filament
• Microfilament


  Has a diameter of 7 nanometers and is mainly composed of contractile protein called actin
• Microtubule


  Has a diameter of 25 nm and is composed of globular protein called tubulins
• Intermediate filament


  About 10 nm and is the most stable
• Tensile strength


  Refers to the maximum stress that an object can withstand before it breaks
• Centrioles


  • Every animal-like cell has two small organelles
  • Help the cell when it comes time to divide
• Ribosomes


  Protein construction team<|>Build proteins
• Types of ribosomes


  • 80s
  • 70s
• Svedberg (S) unit


  The unit used for the rate of sedimentation
• Ultracentrifuge


  A laboratory instrument that has a rotor that spins really fast