Nanomaterials

• Step 2: Chain Propagation - the two pairs of electrons which make up the double bond aren't the same. One pair is held securely on the line between the two carbon nuclei in a bond called a sigma bond.
• Step 3: Chain Termination - The chain does not, however, grow indefinitely. Sooner or later two free radicals will collide together.
• Step 1: Chain Initiation - The oxygen reacts with some of the ethene to give an organic peroxide. Organic peroxides are very reactive molecules containing oxygen
• Bottom-up Approach - includes the miniaturization of materials components (up to atomic level) with further self-assembly process leading to the formation of nanostructures
• Buckminsterfullerene - also known as buckyball, is a spherical close- caged structure made of sixty sp2 carbons it has a highly symmetrical structure which give it its electronic properties
• Carbon nanotubes - are tubes made of carbon with diameters typically measured in nanometers; often refer to single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with diameters in the range of a nanometer.
• Dendrimers - are highly branched, star-shaped macromolecules with nanometer-scale dimensions
• Engineered nanomaterials - materials with sizes 1 to 100 nanometers and are intentionally produced for specific product application
• Fullerene - an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms. The molecule may be a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, or many other shapes and sizes.
• Graphene - a carbon-based nanomaterial derived from graphite through exfoliation
• Nanocomposites - are materials that incorporate nanosized particles into a matrix of standard material. The result of the addition of nanoparticles is a drastic improvement in properties that can include mechanical strength, toughness and electrical or thermal conductivity.
• Nanomaterials - materials that have structural components smaller than 1 micrometer in at least one dimension
• Nanoparticles - particles with at least one dimension smaller than 1 micron and potentially as small as atomic and molecular length scales (~0.2 nm)
• Nanotechnology - the design, synthesis, and application of materials and devices whose size and shape have been engineered at the nanoscale
• Top-down Approach - uses larger (macroscopic) initial structures, which can be externally-controlled in the processing of nanostructures
• carbon- based nanomaterials - are composed mostly of carbon which may form hollow spheres, ellipsoids or tubes.
• Graphene is the latest CBN to burst into the scene. It is derived from graphite through exfoliation, a method introduced by Geim and Novoselov (2007).
• Gold nanoparticles also known as colloidal gold are suspension or colloid of nanomaterial particles of gold (Giljohan, et al, 2010).
• Metal- Based Nanomaterials - These are nanomaterials made up of metals, semiconductors and oxides.
• Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) - has a diamine core, commonly ethylenediamine which is reacted with methyl acrylate. Then, another ethylenediamine is reacted to make the generation-0 (G-0). Eventually successive reactions create higher generations (Hermanson, 2008).
• Peptide Dendrimers - These are dendrimers which held amino acid as branching or interior units.
• Multilingual Dendrimers - Dendrimers which hold multiple copies of functional group on their surface
• Nanocomposites - These are nanomaterials that incorporate nanosized particles into a matrix of a standard material. The potential effect of this addition are mechanical strength and electrical and thermal conductivity.
• Ceramic-Matrix Nanocomposite - In this type of nanocomposite, the main part or the matrix is a ceramic (a chemical compound from the group of oxides, nitrides, borides, etc.).
• Metal-Matrix Nanocomposites - Also defined as reinforced metal matrix composites, having metal as the primary component. The best example is the Carbon nanotube metal-matrix composite
• Polymer-Matrix Nanocomposites - This type of nanocomposite can be produced by adding a nanoparticle to a polymer matrix to enhance performance, functions, and properties.
• Types of Composites : Ceramic Matrix and Metal Matrix Nanocomposite