Alcohols

• Oxidation of 1° alcohols

  Primary alcohols can be oxidised with acidified potassium dichromate to form aldehydes
• Distillation equipment

  Liebig condenser is cold to cool down hot gas so it wouldn't heat up the equipment

  
• An excess of oxidising agents and reflux of primary alcohols produce carboxylic acids
• Reflux equipment doesn't need a thermometer or a lid. Add anti bumping granules to stop big bubbles from forming

  
• Oxidation of 2° alcohols

  Secondary alcohol can be oxidised with acidified potassium dichromate to produce ketones
• Aldehydes have their C=O on the first or last carbon in the chain

  Ketones have their C=O on any middle carbon in the chain
• Tertiary alcohols are resistant to oxidation
• Tollens's reagent

  Contains Ag(NH3)2 positive ion (1+)

  • Aldehydes would reduce this to metallic silver forming a silver mirror on the glass surface
  • Ketones don't react
• The two way different chemical reactions used to identify the products of oxidation reactions

  • Fehling's solution
  • Tollens's reagent
• Elimination of alcohols 

  Conditions required

  • Hot temperature
  • Concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

  The lone pairs on oxygen on the alcohol go to the slightly positive hydrogen. Bonding that hydrogen to the oxygen.

  A positive charge is on the oxygen so the bond between carbon and oxygen goes to it

  While a bond between C and H on adjacent carbon forms a double bond

  H+ reforms since a catalyst is used
• What is the process of alcohol production industrially?

  • Alcohols are produced by hydration of alkenes
  • A phosphoric acid catalyst is used in the process
  • High temperature and pressure
  • Continuous removal of alcohol to shift equilibrium
• How is ethanol produced industrially?

  By fermentation of glucose
• What are the conditions for ethanol production by fermentation?

  • 25°C to 42°C temperature
  • Presence of yeast enzymes
  • Anaerobic conditions and neutral pH
• What can ethanol produced by fermentation be used for?

  As a biofuel
• Label diagram

  A) Heat

  B) Thermometer

  C) Liebig condenser

  D) Water in

  E) Water out

  
• Label diagram of reflux

  A) Condenser

  B) Water out

  C) Water in