liguistics

• Linguist

  Someone who engages in studying language
• Linguist


  • Focuses on describing and explaining language; not concerned with the prescriptive rules of the language
  • Is not an inspector, not required to know many languages
  • Goal is to discover the principles concerning language
• Linguistics


  The scientific study of language
• Human language is understood as a systematic speech sounds, signs, and written symbols for communication among people
• Language is a very complicated system, which can be analysed on different levels and from various points of view
• Modern linguists


  • Often adopt different perspectives on language depending on the goals of their research
  • It is common to distinguish between language as an individual act of speaking or writing in a particular context at a given moment or in a certain social context, and language the abstract linguistic system underlying the linguistic behavior of a whole community of speakers
  • Several separate, though often closely interrelated, branches of linguistics can be distinguished
• Language is dynamic
• Branches of Linguistics


  • General or theoretical linguistics
  • Contrastive linguistics
  • Comparative linguistics
  • Historical linguistics
  • Applied linguistics
  • Sociolinguistics
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Computational linguistics
  • Developmental linguistics
• General or theoretical linguistics


  Tries to determine universal principles for studying languages and to describe the general features of the language
• Contrastive linguistics


  Concentrates upon the differences between languages, its findings are often applied in the context of language teaching
• Comparative linguistics


  Studies different languages looking for similar characteristics, the main emphasis is usually placed on the structural correspondences between languages under investigation
• Historical linguistics


  Analyses the development of language in time, registering the changes that have taken place in it
• Applied linguistics


  Concerned with the application of linguistic theories and their findings in solving various language problems, mostly in the teaching of foreign languages, studying language disorders, translation, lexicography, and stylistics
• Sociolinguistics


  Studies the relationship between language and society, taking into consideration standard and non-standard forms of language, regional and social varieties concerning such concepts as ethnicity, social status, sex, age, etc.
• Psycholinguistics


  Studies the relationship between linguistic behavior and mental processes, interested in how mental processes influence the production and perception of speech
• Computational linguistics


  Uses computer techniques and applies them in automatic translation and speech analysis using corpora for large-scale statistical investigation and the computational processing of spoken and written texts
• Developmental linguistics


  Concerned with the study of the acquisition of language by children, describing the stages and patterns of development and explaining the typical features and variations
• Phonetics


  The branch of linguistics which studies the speech sounds of a language
• Difference of Phonetics & Phonology

  • Phonology deals with patterns of sounds in languages/dialects
  • Phonetics deals with the production of speech sounds
• Branches of Phonetics


  • Articulatory Phonetics - Studies how speech sounds are produced in the human vocal tract
  • Acoustics Phonetics - Studies the physical properties of speech sounds
  • Auditory Phonetics - Studies how sounds are perceived by the listener
• Parts of the body used in producing and articulating sounds

  • Vocal tract
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
  • Upper teeth
  • Lower teeth
  • Hard palate
  • Soft palate (velum)
  • Alveolar ridge
  • Upper lip
  • Lower lip
  • Tongue
  • Pharynx
• Types of speech sounds

  • Consonants
  • Vowels
  • Diphthongs
• Consonants


  • Produced with some restrictions or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lungs
  • Described in terms of place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing
• Places of Articulation


  • Bilabial
  • Labiodental
  • Interdental
  • Alveolar
  • Post-alveolar
  • Palatal
  • Velar
  • Glottal
• Bilabial consonants in English

  • /p/ as in "pat"
  • /b/ as in "bat"
  • /m/ as in "mat"
• Labiodental consonants in English

  • /f/ as in "fun"
  • /v/ as in "van"
• Interdental consonants in English


  • /θ/ as in "thick"
  • /ð/ as in "this"
• Palatal consonant in English


  • /j/ as in "yes"
• Velar consonants in English


  • /k/ as in "cat"
  • /g/ as in "go"
  • /ŋ/ as in "sing"
• Glottal consonants in English


  • /h/ as in "hat"
  • Glottal stop as in the Cockney English pronunciation of "bottle" (bo?l)
• Manners of Articulation


  • Nasal and Oral Sounds
  • Stops
  • Fricatives
  • Affricates
  • Liquids
  • Glides
• Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response.