gen bio - midterms

• Hormones


  Medium or chemical messengers secreted by glands of the body whose effects are felt in other parts
• Glands


  Organs that are specialized to secrete hormones
• Types of glands

  • Endocrine glands
  • Exocrine glands
• Endocrine glands


  Release their secretions or products (hormones) directly into the blood stream
• Exocrine glands


  Release their secretions or products (hormones) through ducts (passageway to exit)
• Parathyroid glands


  Produce the hormone parathormone which raises calcium level in the blood
• Homeostasis


  Tendency of your body's tissues and organ systems to maintain a condition of balance or equilibrium
• Hormones produced by adrenal glands

  • Adrenaline
  • Noradrenaline (stress hormones)
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Mineralocorticoids
• Adrenaline and noradrenaline


  Stress hormones that initiate response to stress, increase heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolic rate
• Glucocorticoids


  Make the body adapt to long-term stress
• Mineralocorticoids


  Maintain the balance of sodium and potassium ion excretion in cells
• Hormones produced by pancreas

  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
• Insulin


  Lowers blood glucose level
• Glucagon


  Raises blood glucose level
• Hormones produced by ovary

  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
• Estrogen


  Stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics
• Progesterone


  Stimulates the development of mammary glands and completes preparation for pregnancy
• Testosterone


  Stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics
• Melatonin


  Regulates biological rhythms, helps our sleeping routine
• Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland

  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • Prolactin
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)


  Stimulates spermatogenesis or sperm development in males, stimulates the development of ovarian follicles in females
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)


  Stimulates secretion of testosterone and development of secondary sex characteristics of male, stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone for ovulation, and the formation of corpus luteum
• Growth hormone (GH)


  Stimulates fat breakdown, muscle and bone growth, protein synthesis that result body growth
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)


  Produces thyroxine which regulates the metabolism in the body
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH)


  Elevates the calcium level in the blood by stimulating bone breakdown
• Prolactin


  Stimulates mammary gland to produce milk
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)


  Stimulates the secretion of adrenal cortical hormones such as cortisol in humans
• Pheromones


  Chemicals released to the surrounding environment by animals that affect other organisms or ecosystems
• The endocrine glands are parathyroid glands, adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, pancreas, ovary, testis, and pineal gland
• The pituitary gland, considered the 'master gland', controls the release of other hormones
• The anterior pituitary gland secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), parathyroid hormone (PTH), prolactin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• The posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• Neurons


  The primary and functional component of the nervous system
• Glial cells


  Help transmit signals from the environment
• Parts of a neuron

  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axons
• Dendrites

  Transmit impulses (signals) towards the cell body
• Axons

  Transmit impulses away from the cell body
• Types of neurons


  • Sensory or afferent neurons
  • Motor or efferent neurons
  • Interneurons or association neurons
  • Neurosecretory neurons
• Sensory or afferent neurons


  Carry sensory impulses from the sensory organs to the central nervous system
• Motor or efferent neurons


  Carry sensory impulses from the central nervous system to specific effectors