Internal factors

• Internal factors refer to factors effecting education in the school, classroom or education
• Hargeaves et Al - Labelling


  When applied to social class, labelling is;

  • Speculation: based on clothes/accent
  • Elaboration: evidence, such as supplies
  • Stabilisation: knowing based on parents evening and grades
• Becker - Ideal pupil


  When applied to social class, the ideal pupil is upper class, dresses nice, speaks posh and well-educated
• Rist - Study of Labelling


  Found that info about home life and appearance was used to put children into sets:

  • Tigers - middle class
  • Cardinals/clowns - working class and less interactsd with and sat further away
• Dunne & Gazeley - Labelling


  Found that working class parents are uninterested and normalise underacheivement,

  while middle class parents are supportive and will receive help if underacheiving
• Self-fulfiling prophecy


  When applied to social class, the working class student will do as bad as the teacher expects
• Rosenthal & Jacobson - Self-fulfiling prophecy


  Teachers will expect middle class students to be smarter because parents are more engaged
• Streaming


  Separating pupils in different groups/classes
• A benefit of streaming is...


  they can work with likeminded people
• A con of streaming is...


  it replicates class inequality
• Sel-fulfiling prophecy is more prone to occur if pupils are streamed
• Gillborn & Youdel - Educational triage


  Were students are split into 3 distinct groups
• Gillborn & Youdel - Educational triage


  The groups they are split into;

  • Safe (high A-C*)
  • Under-achievers (will succeed with support)
  • Hopeless cases (going to underachieve)
• Becker - Ideal pupil


  Usually, teachers do not view working class pupils as ideal
• Douglas - Study about streaming


  Found children who were placed in lower streams at 8, declined in IQ by 11
• Pupil subcultures refers to a group whose values/behaviours differ from the dominant culture they are from (mainstream)
• Lacey - <STUDY> Development of Pupil Subcultures


  Was researched in a boys grammar school, using both participant/non-participant observations, such as teaching some lessons, observing others, helping in a cricket team and school trips
• Lacey - Development of Pupil Subcultures


  Identified two steps;

  • Differentiation: streaming of pupils, giving the more likely to achieve a better status
  • Polarisation: way in which pupils respond to streaming, either pro or anti subculture
• Lacey - Development of Pupil Subcultures


  Pro-School subculture: high ability group of middle class student who are approved of by teachers so gain status via academic success
• Lacey - Development of Pupil Subcultures


  Anti-School Subculture: low ability group of working class students who look for other ways to gain status because they were already labelled as a failure
• Becker - Ideal pupil


  Those from pro-school subcultures are more likely to adhere to the concept of "ideal pupil"
• Hargreaves - Streaming/Subcultures


  Boys in lower streams were triple failures (failed 11+ exams), they were labelled as "worthless louts"
• Hargreaves - Streaming/Subcultures


  Pupils in anti-school subcultures had experienced status frustration, which is unhappiness caused by an inability yo go where they want
• Willis - Learning to Labour


  The long term effect of the lads in the study is they joined low-skilled jobs
• Ball - <STUDY> Abolishing Streaming


  Did research at a comprehensive school in the process of abolishing streaming in favour for teaching mixed ability groups
• Ball - Abolishing Streaming


  Found that teachers still categorised pupils, it meant class inequalities still occurred because pupils with a positive label received improved exam results
• Woods - Pupil responses to Streaming


  Identified 4 responses:

  • Ingratiation
  • Ritualism
  • Retreatism
  • Rebellion
• Woods - Ingratiation is...


  being teachers 'pet'
• Woods - Ritualism is...


  going through the motions and staying out of trouble
• Woods - Retreatism is...


  day dreaming and messing about
• Woods - Rebellion is...


  rejecting everything, i.e. work
• Furlong - Variety of pupil Responses


  He concludes that pupils can go between all 4 responses to streaming
• <EVALUATION> - Labelling

  -Deterministic and forgets self-negating prophecy

  -Marxists argue this ignores wider social structures that reproduce class inequality

  -Fuller, people can reject negative labelling
• Archer et Al - Working class identities and school


  Working class pupils can often have identities that are not made for success in education
• Archer et Al - Habitus

  This is the way pupils think and behave via social class, working class pupils often have a different fashion and outlook on life
• Archer et Al - Symbolic Capital and violence


  This is the clash of the working class habitus of the pupil and the schools middle class habitus, working class students often lack symbolic capital (the tastes that are worth more and value in schools)
• Archer et Al - 'Nike' Identities


  Working class pupils dress in fashion to gain respect of the brand, they prioritise the clothing over the want to go to further education
• Archer et Al/Ingram - Working class identities and success


  When grammar schools or local secondary schools have different habitus, working class boys who go to them can't separate themselves from their working class habitus in either
• Archer et Al/Evans - Class identities and self-exclusion


  Working class pupils who go university find their habitus clashing, this leads to self-exclusion (i.e. Evans says working class pupils don't apply to Oxbridge because they wont 'fit in')