Speech

• Elements of speech


  • Articulation
  • Voice
  • Fluency
• Articulation


  How we make speech sounds using the mouth, lips, and tongue
• Articulation


  • Saying the "r" sound to say "rabbit" instead of "wabbit"
• Voice


  How we use our vocal folds and breath to make sounds. Our voice can be loud or soft or high- or low-pitched. We can hurt our voice by talking too much, yelling, or coughing a lot.
• Fluency


  The rhythm of our speech. We sometimes repeat sounds or pause while talking. People who do this a lot may stutter.
• Elements of the communication process

  • A speaker wishes to communicate an idea
  • The speaker encodes the idea in a message
  • The message is sent through a channel to an audience
  • The audience receives and decodes the message
  • The audience responds to the message
• Intrapersonal communication


  Communication that occurs in your own mind. It is the basis of your feelings, biases, prejudices, and beliefs.
• Interpersonal communication


  Communication between two people but can involve more in informal conversations.
• Small group communication


  Communication within formal or informal groups or teams. It is group interaction that results in decision-making, problem-solving, and discussion within an organization.
• One-to-group communication


  A speaker who seeks to inform, persuade, or motivate an audience.
• Mass communication


  The electronic or print transmission of messages to the general public. Outlets called mass media include things like radio, television, film, and printed materials designed to
• Ethics


  A system of moral principles that affect how people make decisions and lead their lives.
• Ethical communication


  Being honest in all communications, keeping confidential information confidential, and not discussing the personal or business situations of others in public or in front of a third party.
• Culture


  A system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that are acquired, shared, and used by members during their daily lives.
• Factors that affect communication due to cultural diversity

  • Stereotyping and prejudice
  • Ethnocentrism
  • Racism
  • Xenophobia
  • Cultural appropriation
• Stereotyping and prejudice


  The process of creating a picture of a whole culture by over generalizing all people belonging to the same culture
• Ethnocentrism


  The tendency to see one's own culture as superior to all others
• Racism

  Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people on the basis of their membership of a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized
• Xenophobia


  Fear and hatred of strangers or foreigners or of anything that is strange or foreign
• Cultural appropriation


  The adoption of an element or elements of one culture by a member of another culture that can be controversial when used inappropriately
• Other factors that affect communication

  • Gender roles
  • Age and generational difference
  • Racial and ethnic identity
  • Religious identity
  • Socio-economic identity
• The 7 Cs of communication

  • Conciseness
  • Courtesy
  • Correctness
  • Clarity
  • Completeness
  • Coherence
  • Concreteness
• Conciseness


  Communicating in a way that is brief and to the point, avoiding "filler words"
• Courtesy


  Being aware of and respecting the perspective and feelings of the audience, avoiding expressions that might hurt, irritate or insult the receiver
• Correctness


  Using proper grammar, punctuation, spelling, and non-discriminatory language. Ensuring accuracy of facts, figures, and words.
• Clarity


  Communicating in a way that is clear and easy to understand, using short, familiar, and conversational words
• Completeness


  Providing all the information the audience needs to fully understand the message and react as desired, including extra or additional information if necessary
• Coherence


  Ensuring the communication is consistent and logically organized, with all terms interconnected and relevant
• Concreteness


  Being specific, definite, and vivid rather than vague and general, using concrete facts and figures to strengthen the message
• Steps in the communication process

  • Encoding
  • Selecting the channel
  • Decoding
  • Feedback
• Encoding


  Translating information into a message in the form of symbols that represent ideas or concepts
• Decoding


  The receiver interpreting the symbols sent by the sender and translating the message to their own set of experiences
• Feedback


  The receiver's response that signals to the sender how the message was interpreted, allowing the sender to evaluate the effectiveness of the communication
• Suprasegmentals


  Speech features such as stress, tone, or word juncture that accompany or extend over consonants, vowels, syllables, words, or phrases
• Feedback


  A key component in the communication process that allows the sender to evaluate the effectiveness of the message and take corrective action to clarify a misunderstood message
• Suprasegmentals


  Speech features such as stress, tone, or word juncture that accompany or are added over consonants and vowels, extending over syllables, words, or phrases
• Pitch


  The perceived frequency of a sound, playing an important role in conveying meaning through intonation and tone
• Stress


  The emphasis placed on a particular syllable or word when speaking, which can change the meaning of a word or an entire sentence
• Duration


  The length of time it takes to pronounce a sound or syllable, affecting the rhythm and tempo of speech and essential in distinguishing similar words or conveying desired meaning
• Intonation


  The variation in pitch across a phrase or sentence that can convey different meanings or emotions