Bio 2 (4th)

• Anatomy - scientific study of the structure of living things
• HumanPhysiology - Function of humans
• IntegumentarySystem - Protect us from harmful elementselements.

  3 Components: Skin, Hair and Nail.
• Skin - Largest among the body organ.

  - protect us from harmful elements.
• Epidermis - outermost layer of the skin.

  • Consist of 5 strata which are the ff:

  1. Stratum Corneum - First Layer of epidermis.
  2. Stratum Lucidum - Second layer of epidermis.
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Spinosum
  5. Stratum Basale - Last layer of epidermis.
• Dermis - second layer of the skin.

  -contains several accessory structure namely glands, muscle, hair follicles, blood vessels, and nerves
• SebaceousGland - also known as "sudoriferous gland"

  • Close to the hair follicles.
  • Secretes an oily substance called "sebum" to prevent our skin from getting dry.
• ArrectorPili - Involuntary muscle attached to the hair follicles

  ; it causes the hair to rise which eventually gives us "goosebumps"
• Sweat Glands : •eccrine gland

  • apocrine sweat glands

  • merocrine sweat glands
• Hypodermis - subcutaneous layer.

  • Functions as an insulator as well as cushioning to our body.
• Hair - present all throughout the body.

  •Made up of protein keratin.

  Major parts of the hair:

  1. The shaft
  2. Hair Follicle
  3. Hair Bulb - It supplies blood.
• Nails - hard structure that are adaptation of epidermis and made up of protein keratin.
• Achne - results when there is inflammation of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
• Allergic Contact Dermatitis - skin disorder that occurs when our skin is exposed to substances.
• Skeletal muscles - Long Striated Muscle Fiber attached to bones.

  • Multi-oucleatod.

  • Provides voluntary movements, contributes to to posture and heat production.
• Cardiac Muscles - Located in the walls of the heart.

  • Known as intercalexted disk.
  • Serves as partition among cardiac muscle fibers.
• 3 Types of Muscles :

  Skeletal

  Cardiac

  Smooth
• Smooth - spindle shaped and non-striated.
• Myasthenia Gravis - An autoimmune disease of unknown cause.

  • Causing severe exhaustion and muscle fatigue.
• Muscular Dystrophy - An inherited disorder of unknown cause.
• Cartilage - made up of solid and tough connective tissue but not as potent as the bone.

  • 3 Types of Cartilage: fibro-cartilage, hyaline, and elastic
• Bone - consist of cells in matrix that contains hard crystals.
• Osteoblast - bone-forming cells which build up the matrix of the bone.
• Osteocytes - known to be the mature bone cell ; these are develope when a bone matrix has already been formed.
• Osteoclast - responsible for the resorption of bones.
• Ossification - Bone formation
• Scoliosis - Bone disorder causin gan abnormal curvature of the spine.
• Osteoporosis - condition where the bones of our body become brittle and porous.
• Nerve Cell or Neurons Major Parts:

  1. Cell Body - production of protein
  2. Axon - impulsive away from the body
  3. Dendrites - impulsive towards the body
• Cell Body, Axon and Dendrites - These structures are responsible for passing out electric signals
• Nervous System - Take charge of the nerve functions and impulses throughout the body.
• Central NS - gives rises to two major structures namely: The Brain and The Spinal Cord.
• Brain - protected by cranium and weighs about 1500 grams.

  • Contains billions of nerve cells.
  • The brain is covered by meninges which are of three types namely: dura mater, pia mater and arachnoid.
• Cerebrum - largest part of the brain
• Diencephalon - contains the left and right hemisphere
• Brain Stem - Included 3 structures which are: mid brain, pons, and medulla oblongata
• Cerebellum - second largest part of the brain.

  • Also known as the "little brain"
• Spinal Cord - extends from the brainstem up to the terminal portion of the vertebral column

  • Contains 31 Spinal Nerves
• Cranial Nerves :

  O - Olfactory

  O - Optic

  O - Oculomotor

  T - Trochlear

  T - Teigeminal

  A - Abducens

  F - Facial

  A - Auditory

  G - Glossopharyngeal

  V - Vagus

  A - Accesory

  H - Hypoglossal
• Peripheral NS - receiving site of nerve impulse transmission