thermo

• nicolas leonard sadi carnot is a french military engineer
• sadi carnot is the concept of the heat engine cycle and the prniciple of reversibility in 1824
• rudolf clausius is a german mathematician and physicist
• rudolf clausius developed the concept of entropy
• rudolf clausius contributed in the law of thermodynamics
• thermodynamics is the science of relationship between heat, work, temperature, and energy
• thermodynamics deals with the transfer of energy from one place to another and form one from another
• count rumford is a british military. says that heat was not formally recognized as form of energy until about 1798
• benjamin thompson, his work rejected the popular belief that heat is a liquid form of matter and laid down the modern theory of heat is form of motion
• benjamin thompson improved the efficiency of fireplaces and chimneys and designed the rumford photometer
• types of thermometer: digital ear (tymphanic)thermometer, forehead thermometer, pacifier thermometer
• digital ear thermometer inside the ear canal
• forehead thermometer is in temporal artery
• pacifier thermometer used for the baby
• mercury (liquid in gas) thermometer is option available for taking temperature
• freezing point of water 0 degrees C
• boiling point of water is 100 degrees C
• temperature scales, celsius, fahrenheit, and kelvin
• kelvin is the absolute temperature scale
• fahrenheit used in US
• Tf= 9/5 tc + 32 is the cconversion of celsius to fahrenheit
• tc = (tf - 32) * 5/9 is the conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius
• K = Tc + 273.15 is the conversion from Celsius to Kelvin
• thermal expansion is the increase of the size (length, area, or volume)of a body due to a change in temperature usually a rise
• thermal contraction is the decrease in size due to a change in temperature, usually a fall in temperature
• in most solid and liquid, when temperature rises, their molecules vibrate more and have more kinetic energy
• the amount of objects expands can be calculated for both one dimensional (linear) and three dimensional (volumetric)
• linear constants are denoted by the greek letter alpha
• volumetric constants are denoted by the greek letter beta
• heat transfer is the movement of energy from one place to material to another as a result of a difference in temperature
• 3 heat transfer are conduction, convection and radiation
• conduction is a heat transfer through direct physical contact
• convection is a heat transfer by the movement of fluid
• radiation a form of heat transfer that occurs when electromagnetic radiation is emitted and absorbed
• most of the heat transfer from the fire to the observers is through infrared radiation. the visible light transfers relativity little thermal energy. since skin is very sensitive to infrared radiation, you can sense of a fire without looking at it directly (Daniel X. O'neil)
• types of thermodynamics: open, closed, isolated system
• open system can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings
• closed system cannot exchange either matter or energy with its surrounding
• isolated system can exchange only energy with its surroundings, not matter
• while the earth itself is a closed system, all systems inside the earth's atmosphere are considered open system. human being is one example od a open system on earth