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• Dr Hans Gross - father of criminalistics

  • The search for truth as the ​basis and goal of all criminal investigation.
  • A large part of criminal work ​is nothing more than a battle against lies.”
• LIE DETECTION - The system or practice of determining whether or not somebody is telling the truth during questioning. ​
• TRIAL BY COMBAT

  •  The aggrieved party claimed the right to fight the alleged offender or to pay a champion to fight for him
  • The victor is said to win not by his own strength but because of supernatural powers that had intervened on the side of the right,
  • The duel in the European Ages
• TRIAL BY ORDEAL ​

  •  A judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting them to a painful task
  • it was considered as Judicium Dei
• RED HOT IRON ORDEAL

  • Practiced in the hill tribe of Rajhmal in North Bengal. The accused had to carry a bar of redhot iron in his hands while he walked 9 marked paces.
  • A variation of licking
  • If the accused had escaped unhurt, the person was pronounced innocent, if hurt the person is guilty. ​
• ORDEAL OF BALANCE

  • Practiced in the institute of Vishnu, India. A scale of balance
  • in one end of the scale, the accused is placed and in the other end a counter balance
  • The person will step out of the scale and listen to a judge to deliver an exhortation on the balance and get back in. If he was found lighter than before then he should be acquitted ​
• ORDEAL OF WATER 

  • In this type of ordeal, the water was symbolic of the flood of the Old Testament, washing sin from the face of the earth, allowing only the righteous minority to survive. ​

  There are two kinds of ordeal by water the boiling water and of cold water. Ordeal of water was the usual mode of trial allowed to members of the lower classes.​
• Boiling Water Ordeal ​

  • according to the laws of Athelstan, the first King of England, the ordeal consisted of lifting a stone
• Cold Water Ordeal​

  • The usual mode of trial for witchcraft. In this ordeal, the accused was tied at the feet and hands and was lowered to cold water by rope. ​
• ORDEAL BY RICE CHEWING

  •    Indians practiced this ordeal. It was formed with a kind of rice called sathee, prepared with various incantations.
  •  The person on trial eats the sathee, with the face to the east
• ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER

  • In a wide region of Eastern Africa, the ordeal of the sassy bark
• ORDEAL OF THE CORSNEAD/ ORDEAL OF THE BLESSED BREAD 

  • A priest puts the corsnaed or hallowed bread in the mouth
• TEST OF THE EUCHARIST ​

  This was applied chiefly among the clergy and monks
• ORDEAL OF THE BIER 

  •  It was an ancient belief that the slain dead could point out the killer. In England
• ORDEAL OF THE NEEDLE

  •  was drawn through the lips of the alleged criminal and if blood flowed from the wound
• ORDEAL BY HEAT AND FIRE 

  The accused walked barefooted over coals of fire
• TRIAL OF THE CROSS ​

  •  The accuser and the accused were placed under the cross 
• TRIAL OF THE WAXEN SHIRT​

  •  The accused was dressed in a cloth covered with wax
• ORDEAL OF THE TIGER    

  • Practiced in Siam
• • Trial by Combat (resolving issue by use of human strength)
  • Trial by Ordeal (by means of pain)
  • Trial by Jury (fact finders)
  • Trial by Torture (witch hunt)