v.2

• Burma

  The Ordeal of Divination is being practiced in this country, whereby it involves 2 parties being furnished with candles of equal size and lighted simultaneously the owner of the candle that outlast the other is adjudged to have won his causes. ​
• Madagascar

   Legal authorities practiced trial by ordeal. The supposed criminal was made to drink a decoction, a poisonous fruit called “tangena”, a small dose is fatal. ​
• Borneo

   The accuser and accused were presented with shellfish placed on a plate. An irritating fluid was then poured on the shellfish and the litigant whose shellfish moved first was adjudged the winner. ​
• Greece

   A suspended axe was spun at the center of a group of suspects. When the axe stopped, whoever was in the line with the blade as supposed to be guilty out by the Divine Providence. ​
• Nigeria

   The priest greased a cock’s feather and pierced the tongue of the accused. If the feather passed through the tongue easily, the accused was deemed innocent. If not, the accused is guilty
• Daniel Defoe

  • He wrote an essay entitled “An effectual Scheme"
• Angelo Mosso

  •  he studied fear and its influence on the heart
  • He devised a “scientific cradle”, which was designed to measure the flow of blood
• Cesare Lombroso

  • This instrument is known as Hydrosphygmograph"
  • which measures changes in pulse and blood pressure
• William James Mackenzie

   a famous English heart specialist who first describe the polygraph machine as the “ink polygraph” ​
• William Moulton Marston (1915)

  •  the self proclaimed “father of the polygraph”
  • systolic deception
  • He also experimented with galvanometer to record skin resistance changes and gripping device to record tension
• John A. Larson 1921

  • developed an instrument capable of simultaneously and continuously recording blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration
  • His invention was designated as the “The Bread LieDetector”
• Vittorio Benussi (1914) 

  discovered a method for calculating the quotient of the inhalation to exhalation as means of verifying the truth
• Luigi Galvani

  • an Italian psychologist who developed the galvanic skin reflex. The GSR reflected emotional changes by measuring changes in person’s skin resistance to electricity.​
• Sticker

  •  he made the first galvanograph
• Veraguth (1907)

  he was the first one to use the term “psycho galvanic reflex”
• Richard O. Arther

  • he developed an improvised polygraph machine with two galvanic skin resistance.
• Cleve Backster

  • scoring on the polygraph chart and standardizing quantitive polygraph technique
• Leonard Keeler (1925)

  • an American Psychologist
  • invented a more satisfactory instrument than the one used by Larson. Later on Keeler made additional changes in the instrument
• John E. Reid

  • he developed improvement
  • muscular resistance
• Harold Burt (1918) - determined that the respiratory changes were signs of deception and concluded that systolic pressure changes are valuable in determining deception. ​