Biology

• Monomer

  Smaller units which can create larger molecules
• Polymer 


  Made from lots of monomers bonded together
• Monomers - Polymers

  Glucose - Starch

  Cellulose

  Glycogen

  Amino acid - Protein

  Nucleotide - DNA

  RNA
• Monosaccharides

  Glucose , Fructose , Galactose
• Disaccharide

  Sucrose , Maltose , Lactose
• Polysaccharides

  Starch , Cellulose , Glycogen
• Isomers 


  same molecular formula different structure
• Maltose

  Glucose + Glucose
• Lactose

  Glucose + Galactose
• Sucrose

  Glucose + Fructose
• What is a disaccharide?

  Two monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic bond
• Condensation reaction 


  The joining together of two molecules through the removal of water
• How are disaccharides formed?

  By a condensation reaction
• Hydrolysis

  How molecules can be split apart through the addition of water
• Polysaccharides

  Created by condensation reaction between many glucose monomers
• where is starch found and what's it function

  • Found in plants
  • store of glucose
• Where is cellulose found and what's its function

  • Found in plants
  • structural strength
• Where is glycogen found and what's its function

  • Found in animals
  • Store of glucose
• Starch

  • Formed from two polymers of Alpha Glucose
  • Found in starch grains inside plant cells
  • Function - Is an insoluble store of glucose
  • Branched
• Glycogen

  • Formed form Alpha glucose
  • Found in muscle and liver cells on animals
  • Function - Is an insoluble store of glucose
  • Branched
• Cellulose

  • Formed from Beta glucose
  • Found in cell walls of plant cells
  • Function - Provides structural strength to cell wall
  • Unbranched
• Triglyceride Structure

  • Glycerol
  • 3 Fatty acids
• Phospholipid structure

  • Glycerol
  • 2 Fatty acid
  • Phosphate group
• Triglycerides

  They are formed via the condensation between one molecule og glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid
• Phospholipids

  Made of a glycerol molecule, Two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group. The 2 fatty acids also bond to the glycerol via 2 condensation reactions, resulting in two ester bonds
• Properties of triglycerides

  • Energy storage
  • Act as a metabolic water source
  • does not affect water potential
  • good for storage
• Properties of phospholipids

  • Hydrophilic head
  • repels other fats
  • hydrophobic tails
  • 2 charged regions (polar)
• Saturated fatty acid 


  The hydrocarbon chain has only single bonds between carbons
• Unsaturated fatty acid

  The hydrocarbon chain consists of at least one double bond between carbons
• Emulsion test for lipids

  • Dissolve the sample in ethanol
  • add distilled water to the solution
  • if a white emulsion appears there is a lipid present
• Proteins

  Polymers made up of the monomer amino acids
• Conditions that denature a protein

  • To high a temp (to much kinetic energy)
  • To high/Low PH
• What groups are amino acids made of

  Amino group, Variable group, Carboxyl group
• Primary structure 


  The order of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain - This is a polymer
• Secondary structure

  The sequence of amino acids cause parts of a protein molecules to bond into a helix shape or fold into a B pleated sheets

  Hydrogen bonds hold the secondary structure
• Tertiary structure

  The further folding of the secondary structure

  To form a unique 3D shape
• Quaternary structure

  A protein made up of more than one polypeptide chain e.g. Haemoglobin
• Test for starch

  • Add iodine
  • positive test = Orange - Blue/Black
• Test for protein

  • Add biurets
  • positive test = Blue - Purple/Lilac
• Test for reducing sugars

  • Add benedict's reagent and heat
  • positive test = blue-yellow-orange-brick red