Cellular Respiration

• Catabolic reaction


  A chemical reaction that breaks down molecules into smaller units, releasing energy
• Cellular Respiration


  The process by which cells convert the chemical energy in glucose and other nutrients into a form of energy that can be used by the cell
• Why we need energy

  • Growth
  • Movement
  • Digestion
  • Reproduction
  • Transport of substances around the body
• NAD


  Hydrogen carrier
• FAD


  Hydrogen carrier
• Cellular Respiration


  1. Glycolysis - Splitting glucose

  2. Pyruvate

  3. Acetyl CoA

  4. Krebs cycle

  5. Oxidative phosphorylation
• Glucose is broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP
• Oxygen is required for aerobic respiration which produces a much larger amount of ATP than anaerobic respiration
• ADP and inorganic phosphate (P) are converted to ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and the other stages of aerobic respiration occur in the mitochondria
• Anaerobic respiration occurs when there is no oxygen present and only produces a small amount of ATP
• Anaerobic respiration in animals produces lactic acid and in plants produces ethanol and carbon dioxide
• Glycolysis


  1. Breaks down glucose to form 2 pyruvate molecules

  2. Produces 2 ATP

  3. Produces 2 NADH
• Krebs Cycle


  1. Breaks down pyruvate/acetyl CoA to hydrogen atoms and carbon dioxide

  2. Produces 2 ATP

  3. Produces NADH and FADH
• Oxidative Phosphorylation


  1. Uses hydrogen atoms from previous stages

  2. Passes hydrogen atoms down electron transport chain

  3. Energy released used to produce 32-34 ATP
• Anaerobic respiration is less efficient, only producing 2 ATP
• Biotechnology


  Technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products
• Applications of Biotechnology


  • Making bread, beer, wine, cheese and yoghurt using yeast
  • Anaerobic respiration
• Ribosomes


  Small, spherical structures in plant and animal cells that are the site of protein synthesis
• Ribosomes


  • Consist of RNA and proteins
  • Occur in the ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts and in groups in the cytoplasm
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  A fine membrane network found in plant and animal cells that is not regarded as an organelle
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  • Has two types - rough ER with ribosomes, and smooth ER without ribosomes
  • Brings the cell contents in contact with the outside environment
  • Enlarges the internal surface of the cell
  • Acts as an internal transport system
  • Serves as a basis for attachment for the ribosomes
• Golgi Body


  Consists of stacks of hollow, flat membrane sacs known as cisternae
• Golgi Body


  • Associated with secretion in the cell
  • Plays a role in forming other membrane systems
  • Processes, changes and sorts proteins
  • Plays a role in the formation of lysosomes
• Plastids


  Organelles that only occur in plant cells
• Types of Plastids


  • Chloroplasts
  • Chromoplasts
  • Leucoplasts