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• Major objectives of emergency and medical treatment

  • Preserve live / save life
  • Prevent deterioration before more definitive treatment can be done / prepare patient for definitive care
  • Restore the patient to useful living / minimize disability
• Assess and Intervene


  1. PRIMARY SURVEY

  2. A airway

  3. B breathing

  4. C circulation

  5. D disability

  6. E expose
• GLASCOW COMA SCALE


  15 Highest score
• SECONDARY SURVEY


  1. Complete History and P/A

  2. Diagnostic and laboratory testing

  3. ECG, Arterial lines, urinary catheters

  4. Splinting of suspected fractures

  5. Cleaning and dressing of wounds

  6. other necessary interventions
• TRIAGE


  • Sorting of clients based on the severity of health problems
  • Hierarchy based on the potential for life loss
• Field Triage


  • COLOR CODING:
  • Red= immediate, life threatening (severe injuries but high potential for survival with treatment)
  • Yellow= delayed, significant injuries (serious injuries but not immediately life-threatening)
  • Green= minimal, minor injuries (walking wounded)
  • Black= expectant, extensive injuries or dead
• Shock


  A depressed condition of many body functions due to the failure of enough blood to circulate throughout the body following serious injury
• Causes of shock


  • Severe bleeding
  • Infection
  • Heart attack
  • Perforation
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Shell bomb and bullet wound
  • Rupture of tubal pregnancy
  • Drowning injury
  • Loss of circulation
• Factors that contribute to shock


  • Pain
  • Rough handling
  • Improper handling
  • Continual bleeding
  • Exposure to extreme cold or heat
  • Fatigue
• Dangers of shock


  • Lead to death
  • Predisposes body to infection
  • Lead to loss of body part
• Signs and symptoms of shock


  • Pale or cyanotic face
  • Skin cool and clammy
  • Breathing rapid
  • Pulse rapid and weak
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Weakness and thirst
  • Decreased urine output
  • If condition deteriorates, victim may become apathetic or relatively unresponsive with sunken eyes, dilated pupils, congested blood vessels, very low blood pressure, and unconsciousness
• Objectives of first aid for shock


  • Improve circulation of blood
  • Ensure an adequate supply of oxygen
  • Maintain normal body temperature
• Wound


  A break in the continuity of a tissue of the body, either internal or external
• Classifications of wounds


  • Closed wound
  • Open wound
• Closed wound


  • Involves the underlying tissues without break/damage in the skin or mucous membrane
  • Caused by blunt forces that result in contusion or bruising
• Symptoms of closed wound


  • Pain and tenderness
  • Swelling
  • Discoloration
  • Hematoma
  • Uncontrolled bleeding
  • Thirst
  • Vomiting or coughing up blood
  • Blood in the urine or rectum
  • Bruising along the nose, ear, or gum
• First aid for closed wound


  • Ice application
  • Compression
  • Elevation
  • Splinting
• Open wound


  • Break in the skin or mucous membrane, with damage to the protective skin layer
• Classifications of open wounds


  • Puncture wound
  • Abrasion
  • Laceration
  • Avulsion
  • Incision
• Dangers of open wounds


  • Hemorrhage
  • Infection
• First aid for open wound with severe bleeding


  • Control the bleeding
  • Cover the wound
  • Call for emergency help
  • Continue or refer to physician
• Types of open wounds


  • Incision - clean cut with well-defined edges
  • Laceration - tear with irregular edges
  • Avulsion - partial or full thickness skin loss
  • Abrasion - wearing away of supporting tissues
• Hematoma


  Blood trapped under the skin
• Factors that increase suicide risk


  • Loss of a loved one
  • Loss of care or integrity
  • Elderly people, young adults, and those with a lot of stress
  • Unemployed, living alone, depressed
  • Poor self-image, previous suicide attempt
• Suicide management


  • Treat the consequences of suicidal attempt
  • Crisis intervention to prevent further injury
  • Close monitoring, finding support system, psychiatric referral, medication, counseling
• Types of suicide attempts


  • Physical
  • Chemical
  • Suffocation