MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS

• Reproductive Disorder


  Diseases involving the reproductive system, including reproductive tract infections, congenital abnormalities, cancers of the reproductive system and sexual dysfunction
• Balanitis (Balanoposthitis)


  An inflammation of the glans and prepuce of the penis

  
• Predisposing/Precipitating Factors for Balanitis

  • Males who are not circumcised
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Poor hygiene and over-washing
  • Genital trauma (if genitals are hurt)
  • Non-retraction of the foreskin (in adults)
  • Diaper dermatitis
  • Obesity

  
• Clotrimazole - Drug for Balanitisis

  a very effective over-the-counter medication, which is also used for treating vaginal yeast infections and athlete's foot. Apply it to the affected area two to three times daily for 10 days.

  
• Cryptorchidism


  A failure of one or both testes to descend from abdominal cavity into the scrotum. Normally, testes descend into the scrotal sac during months 7 to 9 of intrauterine life.
• Predisposing/Precipitating Factors for Cryptorchidism

  • Pre-exiting illnesses in the mother as well as external environmental factors such as exposure to harmful chemicals, smoking, alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
  • Other factors that trigger an instance of undescended testicles include the newborn having a low birth weight, encountering a premature delivery, besides a family history of the condition, twin pregnancy and maternal estrogen exposure.
• Drugs for Cryptorchidism


  Pregnyl, Novarel, Ovidrel
• Hydrocele


  A type of swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle. Hydrocele is common in newborns and usually disappears without treatment by age 1. Older boys and adult men can develop a hydrocele due to inflammation or injury within the scrotum.
• Predisposing/Precipitating Factors for Hydrocele

  • Premature birth
  • Genital infections
  • Injuries on testicles and scrotum
• Drugs for Hydrocele


  There are no medications available to treat a hydrocele. A hydrocele usually does not need to be surgically repaired. A hydrocele typically goes away on its own within six to 12 months of age. If the hydrocele does not resolve on its own, then it needs to be surgically repaired to prevent further complications.
• Varicocele


  An abnormal dilation of the veins of the spermatic cord. A varicocele is an enlargement of the veins within the loose bag of skin that holds your testicles (scrotum). A varicocele is similar to a varicose vein you might see in your leg. Varicoceles are a common cause of low sperm production and decreased sperm quality, which can cause infertility.

  
• Predisposing/Precipitating Factors for Varicocele


  • Occupational exposure
  • Overweight
  • Tobacco users
• Drugs for Varicocele


  There are no drugs to treat or prevent varicocele. But pain killers (such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen) may help with pain.
• Testicular Torsion


  Testicular torsion is most common between ages 12 and 18, but it can occur at any age, even before birth. Testicular torsion is an emergency condition. It happens when the spermatic cord, which provides blood flow to the testicle, rotates and becomes twisted. The twisting cuts off the testicle's blood supply and causes sudden pain and swelling.
• Predisposing/Precipitating Factors for Testicular Torsion

  • Age
  • Previous testicular torsion
  • Family history of testicular torsion
  • Untreated testicular pain
  • Engaged in physical activities
• Drugs for Testicular Torsion

  For pain, take over-the-counter medication such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin).
• Testicular Cancer


  Testicular cancer occurs in the testicles (testes), which are located inside the scrotum, a loose bag of skin underneath the penis. The testicles produce male sex hormones and sperm for reproduction. Compared with other types of cancer, testicular cancer is rare.
• Untreated testicular pain
• Engaged in physical activities

  • Nursing Management
• Preoperatively, patients should be counseled on the potential need for orchiectomy as part of the surgical informed consent


  Prompt referral to a urologist is recommended
• If torsion is confirmed intra-operatively

  1. The cord and testis will be untwisted and both testicles fixed to the scrotum, termed bilateral orchidopexy

  2. In cases where the testis is non-viable, an orchidectomy may be warranted; prosthesis can be inserted at time of surgery or at a later date, at the patient request
• Over-the-counter medication


  Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
• Testicular cancer occurs in the testicles (testes), which are located inside the scrotum, a loose bag of skin underneath the penis. The testicles produce male sex hormones and sperm for reproduction.
• Compared with other types of cancer, testicular cancer is rare. But testicular cancer is the most common cancer in males between the ages of 15 and 35. Testicular cancer is highly treatable, even when cancer has spread beyond the testicle.
• Depending on the type and stage of testicular cancer, you may receive one of several treatments, or a combination.
• It's not clear what causes testicular cancer in most cases. Doctors know that testicular cancer occurs when healthy cells in a testicle become altered.
• Predisposing/Precipitating Factors


  • HIV
  • Testicular cancer history on opposite testicle
  • Abnormal testicular development
  • Age
• Nursing Management


  1. Assessment of the patient physical and psychological status and monitoring of the patient response to and possible effects of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy

  2. In addition because of many parents may have difficulty coping with their child condition, issues related to body image and sexuality are addressed
• Medical/Surgical Management


  1. Rarely, chemotherapy is given first if the cancer has already spread beyond the testicle when diagnosed

  2. Surgery to remove a testicle with cancer is called a radical inguinal orchiectomy

  3. After surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be recommended
• Drugs


  • Bleomycin Sulfate
  • Cisplatin
  • Cosmegen (Dactinomycin)
  • Etopophos (Etoposide Phosphate)
  • Etoposide
  • Ifex (Ifosfamide)
  • Vinblastine Sulfate
• Assessment and Diagnostic Findings

  • Scrotal Pain
  • Abdominal Discomfort
  • Testicular and Scrotal Swelling and/or Bruising
  • Nausea and/or vomiting
  • No pain alleviation with manual movement of the testicle (negative Prehn Sign)
  • Absence of Cremaster Reflex (stroking or pinching the medial thigh should normally cause a rise of the testicle on the side being tested)
• Medical Management


  1. Bed rest, ice packs for 20 to 30 minutes three to four times a day as tolerated, supportive underwear (briefs instead of boxers), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or naproxen are used as treatment

  2. If the discomfort improves promptly, no additional testing or surgical consultation is required for these people
• You can't always prevent a testicle Trauma or Injury, but these steps will help protect you: Wear a jockstrap when you're playing sports. If you're doing an activity that could lead to a hard strike.
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — also called prostate gland enlargement, is a common condition as men get older. An enlarged prostate gland can cause uncomfortable urinary symptoms, such as blocking the flow of urine out of the bladder. It can also cause bladder, urinary tract or kidney problems.
• At normal size, the prostate gland is about the size and shape of a walnut or golf ball. When enlarged, the prostate may obstruct urine flow from the bladder and out the urethra.
• Symptoms


  • Frequent or urgent need to urinate
  • Increased frequency of urination at night (nocturia)
  • Difficulty starting urination
  • Weak urine stream or a stream that stops and starts
  • Dribbling at the end of urination
  • Inability to completely empty the bladder
• Drugs


  • Terazosin (Hytrin)
  • Doxazosin (Cardura)
  • Tamsulosin (Flomax)
  • Alfuzosin (Uroxatral)
  • Silodosin (Rapaflo)
• Epididymitis (ep-ih-did-uh-MY-tis) is an inflammation of the coiled tube (epididymis) at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. Males of any age can get epididymitis.

  
• Epididymitis is most often caused by a bacterial infection, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. Sometimes, a testicle also becomes inflamed, a condition called epididymo-orchitis
• Epididymitis that lasts longer than six weeks or that recurs is considered chronic. Symptoms of chronic epididymitis might come on gradually. Sometimes the cause of chronic epididymitis isn't identified.