cchap6 HANDOUTS

• Adolescence


  Begins with puberty and ends with the transition to adulthood, 10 - 18 years old
• Puberty


  Period of rapid growth and sexual maturation, begins between ages eight and fourteen, for girls around ten, for boys around twelve
• Puberty


  • The growth from the extremities toward the torso is called distal proximal development, overall physical growth spurt results in an additional 10-11 inches of height and 50 to 75 pounds of increased weight, race can affect a person's growth spurt, better nutrition, increased stress, obesity, and endocrine disrupting chemicals is linked to early puberty for girls, there is no clear marker of puberty for boys, early puberty leads to mental health problems and early sexual behavior
• Primary sexual characteristics


  Changes in reproductive organs, for males the growth of the testes, penis, and scrotum, for females the growth of the uterus
• Male anatomy


  Both internal and external genitalia are responsible for procreation, males produce sperm on a cycle, constantly producing millions of sperm daily, the main male sex organs are the penis and the testicles
• Female anatomy


  The outer genitalia is the vulva, the internal reproductive organs are vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, female gametes are present at birth but still immature, each ovary contains 400,000 gametes but only 500 will become mature eggs, beginning at puberty, an ovum ripens and is released every 28 days during a menstrual cycle, menstruation is the system of flushing of the unfertilized egg
• Secondary sexual characteristics


  Visible physical changes that are not directly linked to reproduction but signals sexual maturity, for males the broadening of the shoulders, the growing of larynx resulting in a lower voice, and more prevalent hair growth on the face, for females breast development starting around the age of 10 and broadening of the hips, hair becomes coarser and darker while pubic and underarm hair develops for both sexes
• Acne


  Pimples on the skin due to overactive sebaceous glands, 85% of adolescents develop them, boys develop more acne because of their high testosterone levels, can cause withdrawal from peers due to self-consciousness and teasing
• Gender role intensification


  Gender roles get more noticeable during this stage, this is not equal for everyone
• Adolescent brain


  • Increase in the white matter of the brain allows the adolescent to make significant improvements in their thinking and processing skills, completed insulation of the axons consolidates these language skills but makes it more difficult to learn a second language,
• Adolescent sleep


  An adolescent needs 8-10 hours of sleep a night to function better, an average only get 7½ hours on school night with the youngest getting more than the older adolescents, the older adolescents gets 9% the optimal amount of sleep which leads to side effects of tired and sleepy, irritable, sleeping in class, depressing moods, and buying caffeinated drinks, the development of brain impacts how teenagers sleep, the normal pattern sleep of adolescent's are different than of an adult and children, teens frequently woke up tired during the day, at fully awake at night, lack of sleep leads to risky sexual behaviors as teens that stay up late acts impulsive and engage in risky sex, adolescents goes through puberty, their circadian rhythm evolves, the change keeps them awake at night, as they wake up early, the brain does not function optimally
• Adolescent sexual activity


  At age 10-11, children undergo increase attraction to others that impacts social life both in school and out, by the end of high school, more than half of boys and girls had engage in sexual intercourse, sexual fantasy and masturbation also grows high, young children who engage in masturbation is very ordinary, developing sexually is an anticipated and natural part of growing to adulthood, during adolescence teens attempt to become comfortable with their bodies transformation, in the puberty stage, reproduction is now possible, at the same time secondary sex characteristics develop, these characteristics is not a requirement for reproduction but hints at masculinity and femininity, at birth boys and girls have similar body shapes, but in puberty, the males widen in the shoulders, while the females widen at the hips and develop breasts
• Sexual interaction


  At age 12-13 some young people may pair off and began dating, and experiment with kissing, touching and other physical contact such as oral sex, if young adolescents do engage in sex they are highly vulnerable to sexual and emotional abuse, sexually transmitted disease, HIV and early pregnancy, for STI's adolescents are slower to recognize symptoms, the risks are infertility or death, adolescents age 14-16 knows the risks of unprotected sex and teen parenthood if given proper teaching but cognitively may lack to apply it in everyday life, in age 17 many of them have willingly experienced sexual intercourse, teens who has early engaged in this, report strong peer pressure as a reason, some are just curious and want to experience it
• Adolescent pregnancy


  In 2018 females age 15-19 experienced a birth rate of 17.4 per 1,000 women, in 2007 it declined to 58% and 72% in 1992 the most recent peak, adolescents are less sexually actively in the previous years than those who seem to use birth control, risk factors include lack of parent/child closeness, lack of parental supervision and values against intercourse or unprotected sex, living in a bad neighborhood or with single parents, consequences include difficulty for the teen mother after the child is born, 40% teenagers who have children before 18 graduate from high school, with no high school degree jobs could be limited and economic independence is difficult, 75% of unmarried receive public assistance 5 years after the birth of the first child, 64% percent children born to unmarried high school drop out live in poverty while 50% is more likely to repeat in school, and perform poorly on standardized tests and drop out before finishing high school, among dads ages 22-44, 70% of those that has less high school diploma, say the became a father at age of 25, less than half (45%) of father with college experience became dads at that age
• Eating disorders


  Disappointment with body looks could explain why many teens, mostly girls eat erratically or ingest diet pills to lessen weight, while boys may take steroids to grow muscle mass, eating disorders impact both genders, although rates are 2½ times greater on women than among men, men are also close to women who have eating disorders, some also has distorted sense of body image, that includes
• Health consequences of eating disordersFor Anorexia


  abnormally slow heart rate and low blood pressure, depletion in the density of bone, muscle loss and weakness, severe dehydration, fainting, fatigue and overall weakness,
• Eating disorder treatment


  Treatment includes getting proper nutrition, getting rid of inappropriate behaviors such as purging, medical care, nutritional counseling, medications like antidepressants, and individual, group, and family psychotherapy
• Piaget's formal operational stage


  Adolescents can now demonstrate hypothetical-deductive reasoning: developing hypotheses based on what might logically happen and testing them systematically, they are able to understand abstract principles, transitivity, most people attain formal operational thinking to an extent or to some degree, but this is mostly used in areas of their strongest interest
• Adolescent egocentrism


  Because of their ability to comprehend abstract thoughts, adolescents enter a world of hypothetical possibilities and demonstrate egocentrism, or a heightened self-focus, this stems from attributing unlimited power to their own thoughts, consequences
• Consequences of formal operational thought

  Greater introspection, idealistic (insisting upon high standards of behavior)
• Adolescent egocentrism


  The belief that others are as concerned and focused on their appearance and behavior as they are
• Imaginary audience


  • The adolescent's belief that those around them are as concerned and focused on their appearance as they themselves are
• Personal fable


  • The belief that one is unique, special, and invulnerable to harm
• Adolescents believe that only they have experienced strong and diverse emotions, and therefore others could never understand how they feel
• Consequences of formal operational thought

  • Greater introspection
  • Idealistic
  • Hypocrisy
  • Pseudostupidity
• Inductive reasoning


  Emerges in childhood and occurs when specific observations, or specific comments from those in authority, may be used to draw general conclusions
• Deductive reasoning


  Emerges in adolescence and refers to reasoning that starts with some overarching principle and based on this proposes specific conclusions
• Intuitive thought


  Automatic, unconscious, and fast thinking. It is more experiential and emotional
• Analytic thought


  Deliberate, conscious, and rational thought
• The transition from elementary school to middle school can be difficult for many students, both academically and socially
• Peers


  Having friends who are high-achieving, academically motivated, and engaged promotes motivation and engagement in adolescents
• Characteristics of female students


  • Earn better grades
  • Try harder
  • More intrinsically motivated
  • More oriented toward skill mastery
  • Use a variety of learning strategies
  • Persevere more than males
  • Exhibit worries and anxiety about school
• There is a subset of female students who identify with sexualized gender stereotypes (SGS), and they tend to underperform academically
• Male students are more confident and do not value adult feedback regarding their academic performance
• On average, high school teens spend approximately 7 hours each weekday and 1.1 hours each day on the weekend on educational activities
• Status dropout rate


  The percentage of 16 to 24 year-olds who are not enrolled in school and do not have high school credentials
• Reasons for dropping out of school


  • Residing in foster care or being part of the juvenile justice system
  • Having a physical or mental health condition
  • Being maltreated due to abuse or neglect and/or being homeless
  • Adolescent-specific factors (race, ethnicity, and age)
  • Family-specific characteristics (poverty, single parenting, large family size, and stressful transitions)
  • Community factors (unsafe neighborhoods, gang activity, and a lack of social services)
• School-based preparatory experiences


  • Academic programs based on clear state standards
  • Career and technical education programs based on professional and industry standards
  • Curricular and program options based on universal design
  • Learning environments that are small and safe, with extra supports
  • Supports from highly qualified staff
  • Access to a multi-measure assessment system
  • Graduation standards with options
• Holding a job may offer teenagers extra funds, the opportunity to learn new skills, ideas about future careers, and perhaps the true value of money
• Working more than 20 hours per week can lead to declines in grades, a general disengagement from school, increase in substance abuse, engaging in earlier sexual behavior, and pregnancy