UTS

• Philosophy


  Love of wisdom;

  study of the most basic and profound matters of human existence
• Socrates


  "The unexaminded life is not worth living"

  soul as true self.
• Socrates


  he suggested that giving importance on acquiring knowledge, wisdom, and virtue - is which makes life more meaningful.
• Plato


  Human person has body and soul;

  soul-body dualism.

  Rational Soul is the true self
• Plato


  The soul has 3 parts:

  Appetite/Appetitive Soul , Spiritual/Spirited Soul, Rational Soul
• Aristotle


  Hylomorphism concept;

  the body cannot live without the soul and vice versa - the body is as important as the soul as it serves as "matter" to the soul (form)

  the true self of the person is his/her body and soul.
• Living Being


  Meets requirements of growth, reproduction, and self-feeding.
• Vegetative Soul


  Capable of growth, reproduction, and self-feeding.
• Sentient Soul


  Capable of growth, reproduction, self-feeding, and sensation.
• Rational Soul


  Capable of growth, reproduction, self-feeding, and thinking.
• St. Augustine


  Supreme virtue is love for God; leads to understanding the self.
• Rene Descartes


  "I think, therefore I am"

  Human person consists of body and mind(Dualism);

  True self is mind.
• David Hume


  "There is no self"

  "The self is nothing but a bundle of impressions and ideas.";
• John Locke


  at birth we are a Tabula rasa (Blank Slate);

  personal identity in consciousness and physical body.
• John Locke


  Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the keys to understanding the self.
• Person


  (Jhon Locke's Perspective)

  A _______ is a thinking, intelligent being who has the abilities to reason and to reflect.

  A _______ is also someone who considers itself to be the same thing in different times and different places.
• Consciousness


  Awareness of thinking; essential for personal identity.
• Immanuel Kant


  We construct the self.

  - The mind is not just a passive receiver of sense experience but rather participates in knowing the objects it experiences - the mind synthesizes the meaning of experiences.

  - Both experience and reason play an important role in constructing our self and the knowledge of the world.
• Gilbert Ryle


  "I act, therefore I am.", The Self is how you behave.

  Self is manifested through behavior; behavior defines the self.
• Maurice Merlau-Ponty


  Self is embodied subjectivity; consciousness, mind, body and the world are intricately intertwined and mutually "engaged"
• Sociology


  derived from the Latin words "socius" (meaning companion) and "logos" (meaning study of), is a social science dedicated to exploring human societies, social behavior, culture, and the intricate patterns of social relationships that define everyday life. This discipline scrutinizes the processes that both maintain and transform these societal constructs.
• The self


  a product of social interaction, emerges and evolves through engagements with others and societal institutions. It is not inherently present at birth; rather, it is shaped and influenced by group dynamics and societal institutions.
• Charles Horton Cooley


  introduced the concept of the "looking glass self," wherein people evaluate themselves based on how others see them.
• "looking glass self"


  the concept of individuals form perceptions of themselves based on how they believe others perceive them. This process involves imagining one's appearance to others, anticipating their judgment, and experiencing associated emotions such as pride, happiness, guilt, or shame.
• George Herbert Mead


  was a sociologist who proposed a theory of self-development emphasizing the role of social interaction and stages of development in shaping individual identity.

  2 parts of the self:

  ▪ Self-awareness (being aware of the

  different aspects of the self)

  ▪ Self-image (mental picture of yourself)
• Preparatory Stage(George Herbert Mead)


  language develops

  self by allowing individuals to respond to

  each other through symbol, gestures,

  words, and sounds.
• Play Stage(George Herbert Mead)


  play develops self by

  allowing individuals to take on different

  roles, pretend and express expectation

  of others. Play develops one's self-

  consciousness through role-playing.
• Game Stage(George Herbert Mead)


  games develop self by

  allowing individuals to understand and

  adhere to the rules of the activity. Self is

  developed by understanding that there

  are rules in which one must abide by in

  order to win the game or be successful.
• George Herbert Mead


  Who made the :

  "Significant Other" vs "Generalized Other"

  The concept of "I" and "Me"
• Significant Other


  Refers to specific individuals, like family members or close friends, who have a direct influence on a person's self-concept and behavior.
• Generalized Other


  Refers to the collective societal norms, values, and expectations that shape an individual's understanding of themselves and others, beyond specific relationships.
• Erving Goffman


  We use impression management to present

  ourselves to others as we hope to be

  perceived.

  o Each situation is a new scene and we

  perform different roles depending on who is

  present.

  o In his theory of dramaturgical approach, he

  argued that people live their lives much like

  actors performing on a stage.
• sees social interaction as a theatrical performance. People play different roles, managing their impressions like actors on a stage.

  For example, in a job interview, the candidate portrays confidence while the interviewer evaluates their suitability for the role.

  The teacher plays the role of the authority figure, maintaining order and facilitating learning.

  Students play the role of attentive learners, engaging with the material and participating in class activities.

  Both the teacher and students carefully manage their behavior and communication to uphold the expectations of their roles within the educational setting, much like actors performing on a stage.
• Socialization


  is a lifelong process during

  which we learn about social expectations

  and how to interact with other people.
• Agents of Socialization


  ▪ Family

  ▪ School

  ▪ Peers

  ▪ Media

  ▪ Religion
• Anthropology


  A social science that focuses on the study of

  man, on the totality of what it means to be

  human.
• Cultural Anthropology

  Physical or Biological Anthropology

  Archaeology

  Linguistic Anthropology


  4 Fields of Anthropology
• Archaeology


  - studies how the past

  contributed to the present ways of how

  people conduct their daily lives.
• Biological Anthropology


  focuses primarily

  on how the human body adapts to the

  different earth environments.
• Linguistic Anthropology


  studies language

  and human communication.