carbohydrates and lipids

Created by

Leah beyram

Cards (49)

what is the significance of carbon having four covalent bonds
it can form large stable molecules
what are ways carbon can arrange itself to form chemical compounds
form long branched chains (glycogen)
form straight chains (cellulose)
form cyclic single rings (thymine)
form multiple rings (starches)
produce a tetrahedral structure
what are unsaturated compounds
a compound containing one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds in a hydrocarbon chain
what functional groups can carbon atoms form
hydroxyl
carboxyl
amino
phosphate
diagram of carbon atom functional groups
A) hydroxyl
B) amino
C) carboxyl
D) phosphate
what are monomers
smaller units from which larger molecules are made
what are polymers
molecules made from a large number of monomers in a chain
what are macromolecules
very large molecules containing 1000 or more atoms
what is the monomer for this macromolecule - carbohydrates
monosaccharides
what is the monomer for this macromolecule - lipids
fatty acids or glycerol
what is the monomer for this macromolecule - proteins
amino acids
what is the monomer for this macromolecule - nucleic acids
nucleotides
how are macromolecules formed
condensation reactions
what is an example of condensation reactions forming macromolecules
carbohydrates (polysaccharides) forming when 2 hydroxyl groups from different monosaccharides interact to form a glycosidic bond
how are polypeptides formed
condensation reactions between 2 amino acid monomers to form a peptide bond
how are nucleic acids formed
condensation reactions between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar on another to form a phosphodiester bond
how do you break down a macromolecule
hydrolysis reactions
what happens in the hydrolysis of macromolecules
water is added, covalent bonds are broken
what are examples of hydrolysis reactions
hydrolysis of peptide bonds in polypeptides to produce amino acids
what are the properties of monosaccharides
colourless crystalline molecules and soluble in water
what are the types of monosaccharides and the number of carbon atoms
triose - 3
pentose - 5
hexose - 6
what are the 2 isomers of glucose
alpha and beta
what polysaccharide does alpha glucose form
starch and glycogen
what polysaccharide does beta glucose form
cellulose
what are the properties of glucose
stable structure, soluble in water, transportable
why are starch and glycogen effective polysaccharide storage
they are compact and insoluble
why is cellulose a structural polysaccharide
it is durable and insoluble
what is the storage polysaccharide of plants
starch
what polysaccharides construct starch
amylose and amylopectin
what is the storage polysaccharide of animals and fungi
glycogen
what cells contain glycogen
liver and muscle cells
what is the structure of cellulose  
straight and unbranched
what structures do carbohydrates and polypeptides make
glycoproteins
what do glycoproteins do
act as a receptor molecule in processes such as cell recognition, endocytosis and cell adhesion
how is a person's blood type determined
by the glycoprotein antigens on the surface of red blood cells
what are some lipids categorised as
triglycerides
how are triglycerides formed
esterification of three fatty acids and one glycerol
how are phospholipids formed
two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule and a phosphate ion
what are some properties of lipids
energy-dense, insoluble, produces a lot of water when respiring (metabolic water)
where are lipids stored in animals
adipose tissue