carbohydrates and lipids

• what is the significance of carbon having four covalent bonds

  it can form large stable molecules
• what are ways carbon can arrange itself to form chemical compounds

  form long branched chains (glycogen)

  form straight chains (cellulose)

  form cyclic single rings (thymine)

  form multiple rings (starches)

  produce a tetrahedral structure
• what are unsaturated compounds

  a compound containing one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds in a hydrocarbon chain
• what functional groups can carbon atoms form

  hydroxyl

  carboxyl

  amino

  phosphate
• diagram of carbon atom functional groups

  A) hydroxyl

  B) amino

  C) carboxyl

  D) phosphate

  
• what are monomers

  smaller units from which larger molecules are made
• what are polymers

  molecules made from a large number of monomers in a chain
• what are macromolecules

  very large molecules containing 1000 or more atoms
• what is the monomer for this macromolecule - carbohydrates

  monosaccharides
• what is the monomer for this macromolecule - lipids

  fatty acids or glycerol
• what is the monomer for this macromolecule - proteins

  amino acids
• what is the monomer for this macromolecule - nucleic acids

  nucleotides
• how are macromolecules formed

  condensation reactions
• what is an example of condensation reactions forming macromolecules

  carbohydrates (polysaccharides) forming when 2 hydroxyl groups from different monosaccharides interact to form a glycosidic bond
• how are polypeptides formed

  condensation reactions between 2 amino acid monomers to form a peptide bond
• how are nucleic acids formed

  condensation reactions between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar on another to form a phosphodiester bond
• how do you break down a macromolecule

  hydrolysis reactions
• what happens in the hydrolysis of macromolecules

  water is added, covalent bonds are broken
• what are examples of hydrolysis reactions

  hydrolysis of peptide bonds in polypeptides to produce amino acids
• what are the properties of monosaccharides

  colourless crystalline molecules and soluble in water
• what are the types of monosaccharides and the number of carbon atoms

  triose - 3

  pentose - 5

  hexose - 6
• what are the 2 isomers of glucose

  alpha and beta
• what polysaccharide does alpha glucose form

  starch and glycogen
• what polysaccharide does beta glucose form

  cellulose
• what are the properties of glucose

  stable structure, soluble in water, transportable
• why are starch and glycogen effective polysaccharide storage

  they are compact and insoluble
• why is cellulose a structural polysaccharide

  it is durable and insoluble
• what is the storage polysaccharide of plants

  starch
• what polysaccharides construct starch

  amylose and amylopectin
• what is the storage polysaccharide of animals and fungi

  glycogen
• what cells contain glycogen

  liver and muscle cells
• what is the structure of cellulose 


  straight and unbranched
• what structures do carbohydrates and polypeptides make

  glycoproteins
• what do glycoproteins do

  act as a receptor molecule in processes such as cell recognition, endocytosis and cell adhesion
• how is a person's blood type determined

  by the glycoprotein antigens on the surface of red blood cells
• what are some lipids categorised as

  triglycerides
• how are triglycerides formed

  esterification of three fatty acids and one glycerol
• how are phospholipids formed

  two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule and a phosphate ion
• what are some properties of lipids

  energy-dense, insoluble, produces a lot of water when respiring (metabolic water)
• where are lipids stored in animals

  adipose tissue