Organizations

• Sons of Liberty


  A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies that intimidated tax agents
• Loyalists (Tories)


  Saw themselves as British, were loyal to the crown, wanted some reform with the crown but not full separation
• Patriots


  Colonists who wanted independence from Britain immediately & believed in self-determination
• Daughters of Liberty


  Women who helped in the war by providing supplies, boycotting, & even fighting
• Federalists


  A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in states. Believed in strong central government
• Anti-Federalists


  Opponents of the Constitution at the time of debates. - Pro-British, wanted more power in the states, thought a Bill of Rights was necessary
• Democratic-Republicans


  Political Party led by Jefferson:

  Pro-French

  Opposed Protective Tariffs

  Opposed federal spending on infrastructure

  Concerned about monopolies

  South & West Urban workers & farmers
• Washington's Farewell Address


  Warned Americans to not create a political party system
• War-Hawks


  Democratic Republicans from frontier states who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to expand.
• Quids


  Anti-war, New England merchants, believed war violated the Democratic Republican promise of limited government, didn't see impressment as a big deal and instead saw it as an excuse to gain more territory
• Transcendentalists


  Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance & self-discipline, promoted the belief of individualism and fought for reforms.
• Whigs


  Led by Henry Clay:

  Favored American System

  Supported protective tariffs & national bank

  Concerned about crime caused by immigrants

  Against Andrew Jackson

  New England & Mid Atlantic urban professionals
• American Temperance Society


  Reform organization to persuade drunkards to abstain from alcohol
• American Colonization Society


  Tried to take Africans back to a settlement in Liberia but only 12k were moved due to it being impractical
• American Anti-Slavery Society


  Founded by William Lloyd Garrison: called for total abolition & condemned the constitution as a pro-slavery document
• Liberty Party


  Called for abolition through political action
• Free-Soilers


  Opposed expansion of slavery to the west (saw the west as an opportunity for whites only)
• Nativists


  Anti-immigrant due to fear of losing jobs & culture.
• Democratic Party (1800s)


  Ex-Whigs who supported slavery
• Republic Party (1800s)

  Ex-Whigs who opposed slavery
• Constitutional Union Party


  Pledged to enforce laws in the Constitution & preserve the union
• Union


  Wanted to preserve the country, strong central government, moderate on slavery, more industrial
• Confederacy


  Wanted to become independent from the US, states rights, pro-slavery, more agrarian
• Copperheads


  Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South
• Freedmen's Bureau


  Organization that provided welfare such as food, shelter, & education for both black & white Americans affected by the war
• Scalawags


  Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction
• Carpetbaggers


  northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction
• Klu Klux Klan


  A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in the South after the Civil War.
• National Grange Movement


  Organization was created primarily to provide social & economic help for farmers & defended them from trusts
• Farmers Alliance


  Political & economic alliance of farmers to protect themselves from trusts & middlemen
• Redeemers


  Democratic politicians who came to power after reconstruction who were supported by business communities, white supremacists, & called for segregation
• National Labor Union


  The first large-scale U.S. union; founded to organize skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers to demand higher wages, 8-hour days, & equal rights
• Knights of Labor


  2nd attempt at national labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms of making each man his own employer, abolishing child-labor, & regulating monopolies
• American Federation of Labor


  Fought for narrower goals of increased wages & improved working conditions
• Political Machines


  Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party through welfare in exchange for votes, stole millions from taxpayers
• Populists


  A party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted to stop concentration of power in trusts, direct elections of senators, unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, government ownership of railroads, & loans for farmers
• Imperialists/Expansionists


  Wanted US to expand to have more access to markets & materials, a stronger navy, to compete with other imperialist nations, & a new frontier (believed in past ideas of Manifest Destiny & social Darwinism)
• Anti-Imperialists


  Saw expansion as going against principle of self-determination, rejected racial theories, supported isolationism, & didn't want to waste money on a navy
• Jingoism


  extreme patriotism & nationalism calling for aggressive foreign policy
• Progressives


  A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial growth such as limiting power of businesses & improved democracy