Enviromental Chemistry

• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D) of safe drinking water


  Must be nil
• Turbidity


  A measure of the extent to which light is either absorbed or scattered by suspended material in water
• Color


  Imparted by dissolved organic matters from a decaying vegetation
• The highest density of water is at 4 degree Celsius
• Hardness


  Prevents the formation of sufficient foam when used with soap
• Permanent hardness


  Hardness caused by salts
• Residual Chlorine demand


  The amount of chlorine that remains in the water after a certain period or contact time
• Magnesium


  Responsible for temporary hardness
• Turbidity


  The cloudiness or Haziness of fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye
• Apparent Color


  Color measurements without turbidity removal
• Minimum allowable limit for Fluoride I residual chlorine from the farthest point of water distribution system is 0.3 mg/l
• Theoretical Oxygen Demand


  The oxygen demand for decomposition of pure materials can be estimated from stoichiometry
• Eutrophication


  Algae blooms
• BOD


  The total amount of oxygen required to oxidize the biodegradable organic matter
• BOD5


  The most commonly used BOD test
• BOD value less than 5 ppm


  Indicates a water sample to be rich in dissolved oxygen
• Nutrient enrichment


  What the addition of Phosphate fertilizers into water leads to
• Nitrate Ion


  The excess of which ion in drinking water can lead to blue baby syndrome
• Organic waste that can be decomposed by aerobic bacteria

  Oxygen depleting waste
• Hardness is not a physical characteristic of water
• Thermal pollution causing the release of hot water by power plants

  It decreases the solubility of oxygen
• Biology is the study of living things
• Biology encompasses the cellular basis of living things, energy metabolism, and genetic basis for inheritance
• Biology includes the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms and the diversity of life on Earth
• Biology considers the biology of microorganisms, plants, and animals
• Biology draws on the sciences of chemistry and physics for its foundations
• This module will provide a broad introduction about the scope of Biology
• Fields of study in Biology

  • Anthropology
  • Biomedical engineering
  • Biotechnology
  • Food technology
  • Dairy technology
  • Apiculture
  • Fishery or Pisiculture
  • Sericulture
  • Genetic engineering
  • Forensic science
  • Veterinary medicine
  • Poultry science
  • Medicine
  • Pathology
  • Surgery
  • Pharmacology
  • Dentistry
  • Occupational therapy
  • Physiotherapy
• Anthropology


  The science of man and mankind including the study of the physical and mental constitution of man
• Biomedical engineering


  The branch of engineering dealing with the production of spare parts for man
• Biotechnology


  The use of living organisms or substances obtained from them in industrial processes
• Food technology


  The science of processing and preservation of healthy foods
• Dairy technology


  The application of science for the manufacture of milk products
• Apiculture


  The rearing of honey bees, especially for commercial purposes
• Fishery or Pisiculture


  The industry of rearing and catching fish or the products of the sea
• Sericulture


  The breeding and treatment of silkworms for producing raw silk
• Genetic engineering


  Genetic manipulations to produce an organism with a new combination of genes
• Forensic science


  The application of scientific knowledge to question civil and criminal laws
• Veterinary medicine


  The study of domesticated animals and their health care
• Poultry science


  The science dealing with the rearing of domestic fowls