ap psych unit 8

• UMAD behavior


  • Unjustifiable
  • Maladaptive
  • Atypical
  • Disturbing
• DSM-IV-TR

  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th Edition, Text revision
  • Identifies psychological disorders (not the causes or treatment)
• Perspectives on causes of psychological disorders

  • Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic
  • Humanistic
  • Behaviorist
  • Cognitive
  • Biological / Biomedical
• Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic


  Internal, unconscious, childhood conflicts, thoughts, and memory
• Humanistic


  Failure to self-actualize, low self esteem, lack of unconditional positive regard in their environment
• Behaviorist


  Behavior is learned through modeling and reinforcements, people are conditioned (through association) into behavior, the environment affects behavior
• Cognitive


  Self-defeating/irrational/negative thoughts, maladaptive interpretation of events
• Biological / Biomedical


  Chemical imbalances (neurotransmitters), genetic predisposition
• Anxiety disorders


  • Phobias
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
  • Panic Attacks
• Phobias


  Irrational fears of certain objects or situations
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)


  Constant low-level anxiety
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)


  Unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause the need to engage in particular actions (compulsions) to reduce the anxiety
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)


  Flashbacks, nightmares, etc. of prior traumas
• Panic Attacks

  Episodes of intense anxiety
• Somatoform disorders

  • Hypochondriasis
  • Conversion Disorder
• Hypochondriasis


  Complaints of physical illness with no clear cause identifiable by doctors; fear of having an illness despite doctors saying otherwise
• Conversion Disorder


  People complain of severe physical problems like blindness or paralysis, but there's no identifiable biological cause
• Dissociative disorders

  • Dissociative fugue
  • Dissociative identity disorder
• Dissociative fugue


  Amnesia when not biologically caused; basically everything around you becomes unfamiliar suddenly because the brain dissociates from the real self
• Dissociative identity disorder


  Dissociate from true identity (switch); some claim that this is role play from the therapists' questions
• Mood or Affective disorders


  • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
  • Major Depressive Disorder (unipolar depression)
  • Dysthymic Disorder
  • Bipolar Disorder (manic depressive)
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)


  Experience depression when there is less sunlight; this can be treated by light therapy
• Major Depressive Disorder (unipolar depression)


  The "common cold" of psychology; the DSM defines it as more than two weeks of hopelessness, fatigue, and change of patterns. Women are twice as likely as men to get this.
• Dysthymic Disorder


  Mild depression which lasts for two years or more (chronic)
• Bipolar Disorder (manic depressive)

  Experiencing extreme highs and lows randomly
• Symptoms of Schizophrenia

  • Delusions of persecution
  • Delusions of grandeur
  • Hallucinations
• Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia


  Unusual things ADDED
• Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

  Normal habits GONE
• Causes of Schizophrenia

  • Strong genetic influences
  • Almost 1% of every cultural group has this
  • Excess of dopamine
  • Prenatal viruses
  • Enlarged brain ventricles
• Personality Disorders

  • Paranoid
  • Obsessive-compulsive
  • Dependent
  • Narcissistic
  • Antisocial
  • Histrionic
• Narcissistic


  Think of themselves as the center of everything, self-absorbed
• Antisocial


  Not caring about others, no guilt; often lawbreakers
• Histrionic


  Overly dramatic behavior
• Other psychological disorders

  • Philias
  • Eating disorders
  • Substance abuse
  • Autism
  • ADHD
• Philias


  Sexual attraction to atypical objects/people
• David-Rosenhan Study: Faked a mental illness by saying that he heard voices. Everything he did lined up with schizophrenia, and even his partner, who acted normal later, was hospitalized for nearly 60 days! This study shows how labeling occurs and whether or not treatment for the mentally ill is accurate
• History of mental health treatment

  • Trephining
  • Dix, Pinel: a movement to reform mental treatment
  • Medical Model
  • Deinstitutionalization
  • Preventive Psychology
• Trephining


  Putting holes in a head would let the "evil spirits" out
• Dix, Pinel


  A movement to reform mental treatment; the patients were no longer caged and chained like criminals
• Medical Model


  Looks at mental illness as curable, just like a physical illness