Disaster Risk Management 19/4/24 quiz

• Geologic hazard -are natural processes or events that pose a threat to people, property, or the environment due to geological factors. These hazards are typically associated with the Earth's dynamic processes and can have significant impacts on human activities.
• Landslide - is a geological event where a mass of rock, soil, or debris moves down a slope under the influence of gravity. It can occur suddenly or gradually and is often triggered by factors such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, or human activities like construction or deforestation.
• Four Warning signs of an impending landslide- Earlier Landslides as indicators, Tension Cracks, Things Moving, Water doing something different.
• Sinkhole -is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. It can happen suddenly or gradually. Sinkholes can vary in size, from small depressions to large craters, and they can appear almost anywhere.
• Warning sign of an impending sink hole - Tilting or Falling Trees/Fence Posts. 

  Slanting Foundations

  Appearance of New Ponds

  Ground Cracks

  Dips, Depressions, Slopes

  sudden drainage of ponds

   Dead Patches of Grass/Plants

  Sinkholes in the Neighborhood

  Discolored or Contaminated Well Water

   Cracks/Buckling of Home Structures
• Geologic Map - This type of map shows how geological features, rock units or geologic strata are shown by colors or symbols to indicate where they are exposed at the surface.
• Tilts - often show sharp divisions between rocks of very different ages.
• Folds - is a stack of originally planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, that are bent or curved during permanent deformation.
• Rock Layers - also known as “rock strata”, refers to layers of sedimentary rock.
• Legend - a table explaining the meanings of all colours and symbols used to represent geologic features in the geological map, cross section and litostratigraphic column.
• Susceptibility - identifies the areas that are susceptible to certain disasters.
• Sources - determines who made certain parts in the geological map.
• Thick and Thin Lines - thick lines indicate major geological features, while thin lines indicate smaller features.
• First Capitalized Letter in Geologic Unit - denotes its age or stratigraphic position.
• Colors - used to differentiate between different types of rock units or geological formations.
• Dotted Contact Line - usually indicates uncertainty in the location or exact boundary between two geological units.
• normal fault- is a type of fault where the hanging wall (the block of rock above the fault plane) moves downward relative to the footwall (the block of rock below the fault plane). This type of fault is commonly associated with extensional tectonic forces.
• A reverse fault is a type of fault where the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall. This type of fault is commonly associated with compressional tectonic forces.
• strike-slip fault is a type of fault where the two blocks of rock slide past each other horizontally, with no significant vertical movement. This type of fault is commonly associated with lateral tectonic forces.
• An anticline is a type of fold in the Earth's crust where the rock layers are bent upward, forming a convex shape. The oldest rocks are found at the center of the anticline.
• A plunging syncline is a type of fold in the Earth's crust where the rock layers are bent downward, forming a concave shape. The youngest rocks are found at the center of the plunging syncline, and the fold axis plunges (dips) at an angle.
• Mitigation involves acting to reduce the risk of life or property damage from a potentially dangerous incident.
• Landslides are also known as country slips
• Sinkhole, also known as a cenote, swallet, swallow hole, or doline.
• The cause why sinkhole occur? - surface layer collapse
• Vulnerability and exposure to geohazards are determined and validated through scientific tools, visible signs, and maps.
• Hydrometeorological Hazards - Is taken to include the wide variety of meteorological, hydrological and climate phenomena which can pose a threat to life, property, and environment. 
• These are probably the most frequently occurring and most extensively and routinely observed hazard?

  Hydrometeorological hazard
• Hydrometeorological hazards include:

  Typhoon 

  Thunderstorm 

  Flood 

  Flashflood 

  Storm Surge 

  El Niño 

  La Niña 
• 1. Tropical cyclone

  • also called typhoon or hurricane, an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain. 
• Weather forecasting comprises 5 steps: Observation, Collection and Transmission of Weather Data, Plotting of Weather Data, Analysis of Weather Maps, Satellite and Radar Imageries and Other Data, Formulation of the Forecast
• THUNDERSTORM 

  • This is a powerful, short-lived weather disturbance, almost always associated with lightning, thunder, dense clouds, heavy rain or hail, and fast, roaring winds. Thunderstorms occur when layers of dry, moist air rise to cooler regions of the atmosphere in a broad, rapid updraft. 
• CUMULUS STAGE

  where the sun heats the Earth's surface during the day and warms the air around it. 
• MATURE STAGE 

  A cumulus cloud becomes very large, where the water therein becomes large and heavy, and raindrops begin to fall through the cloud when the rising air can no longer hold them up. 
• DISSIPATING STAGE 

  After 30 minutes, a thunderstorm begins to dissipate, this occurs when the downdrafts in the cloud begin to dominate over the updraft. Since warm moist air can no longer rise, cloud droplets can no longer form. 
• Inland flooding is the technical name for ordinary flooding that occurs in inland areas, hundreds of miles from the coast.
• Flash floods are caused by heavy rain or the sudden release of water over a short period of time. The name "flash" refers to their fast occurrence and also to their raging torrents of water that move with great speed. Flash floods are also caused by heavy precipitation in a short period of time, usually less than 6 hours. 
• River flooding occurs when water levels in rivers, lakes, and streams rise and overflow onto the surrounding banks, shores, and neighboring land.
• Coastal flooding is the inundation of land areas along the coast by seawater. 
• Urban flooding occurs when there is a lack of drainage in an urban (city) area.