Science

• Respiratory system


  The system that helps you breathe in and out, so oxygen (02) can be pumped through your body and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be removed from the blood stream

  
• Aerobic respiration


  Uses glucose and oxygen, produces carbon dioxide and water, lots of energy, products are easily released from the body
• Respiration


  A process in living organisms involving the PRODUCTION OF ENERGY, with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances

  
• Anaerobic respiration


  Uses only glucose, doesn't require oxygen, produces lactic acid, small release of energy, oxygen debt to break down lactic acid
• Organs of the respiratory system

  • Nostril
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  • Diaphragm

  
• Aerobic respiration


  Uses glucose and oxygen
• Nostril


  • Involved in air intake
  • Air is filtered in the nostrils and moves to the trachea

  
• Anaerobic respiration


  Uses only glucose, doesn't require oxygen
• Trachea


  • Filters the air and moves the air through the bronchi into the lungs

  
• Aerobic respiration


  Produces carbon dioxide and water
• Bronchi


  • The two air tubes that branch off from the trachea and carry atmospheric air directly into the lungs

  
• Anaerobic respiration


  Produces lactic acid
• Air flow in the lungs

  1. Air passes through the bronchioles

  2. Reaches the alveoli

  3. Oxygen is filtered from the air into the surrounding capillaries

  4. Blood transports oxygen to the cells

  5. Cells exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide

  6. Blood transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs

  7. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli

  8. Carbon dioxide is exhaled

  
• Aerobic respiration


  Lots of energy
• Anaerobic respiration


  Small release of energy
• Alveoli


  The tiny sac like structure present in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place

  
• Aerobic respiration


  Products are easily released from the body
• Respiration


  • Takes place all the time
  • Breakdown food to release energy
  • Muscles are not involved
  • Energy is released
  • Takes place in ALL Body cells
  • Produces carbon dioxide

  
• Anaerobic respiration


  Oxygen debt to break down lactic acid
• Breathing


  • Takes place all the time
  • Movement of air in and out of the lungs
  • Muscles are involved
  • Energy is not released
  • Takes place in and out of the lungs
  • Removes carbon dioxide produced during respiration

  
• At rest, the body takes in and breathes out about 10 liters of air each minute
• The right lung is slightly larger than the left
• A person at rest usually breathes between 12 and 15 times a minute
• The breathing rate is faster in children and women than in men
• Effects of smoking on the respiratory system

  • Diseases and conditions caused by inhalation of foreign bodies such as cigarette smoke, chemicals, allergens and other irritants
  • Asthma causes breathing difficulties due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles, this causes a restriction in the airflow into the alveoli. Air pollution, tobacco smoke, factory fumes, cleaning solvents, infections, pollens, foods, cold air, exercise, chemicals and medications are some common asthma triggers
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the intersection of three related conditions — chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma, and emphysema. It is a progressive disease that makes in increasingly difficult for sufferers to breath
  • Lung cancer is often associated with smoking, but the disease can affect non-smokers as well. Like all cancers, lung cancer is caused by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
• Atomic Structures

  An atom is the smallest particle that can exist on its own and still have the chemical properties of that element.

  
  

  Elament & Compand meaning

  
  

  Elements are pure substances that are made up of one type of atom

  
  

  Compound are substances made up op two or more different elements. ( Is only made of different elements)

  
  

  Molecules are substances made up of 2 or more atoms of An element. (Are only made up of different or the same elements)

  All components are molecules but not all molecules are compounded
• H²O - hydrogen (2) , oxygen (1) CO² - carbon (1) , oxygen (2) C⁶H¹²O⁶ - Carbon (6) , hydrogen(12), oxgen 6) O² -2 oxgen atoms H² - 2 hydrogen atoms

  The numbers tells you how much of each element is present
• Sub atomic particle : Protons Relative charge : 1+ positive Relative mass : 1 Location : Nucleous Sub atomic particle : Electrons Relative charge : 1- negative Relative mass : 0 Location : electron shell Sub atomic particle : Nuetron Relative charge : 0 nuetral Relative mass : 1 Location : Nucleous
• > Atonic Number / Proton Number -is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

  (The number that they are at on the periodic table is the amount of proton they have) Mass number / Atomic Mass | Nucleon Number (A) the sun of protons & neutrons in an atom A=#p + #n (calculation of mass number). #n=mass# - #p ( Calculation to get nuetron) N.B-The atomic number is specific to that element #p = atomic # #e = #p

  In an Electrically neutron atom the number of protons equal the number of electrons.
• Atom


  The smallest particle of an element that can exist on its own and still have the chemical properties of that element
• Element


  A pure substance made up of one type of atom
• Types of elements


  • Single atoms (e.g. carbon, gold, iron, copper)
  • Molecules (e.g. O2, N2, H2, Cl2)
• Molecule


  A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction
• Atoms and molecules


  • Atoms - elements (e.g. Na, K, Al, Ca)
  • Molecules - elements and compounds (e.g. H2O, CO2)
• Compound


  Made up of two or more different atoms (e.g. CO2, H2O)
• Atomic models


  • Dalton's model - atom is a very small, hard sphere that is indivisible
  • Thomson's model - atom is a continuous mass of positive charge containing negative electrons
  • Rutherford's model - atom has a nucleus surrounded by electrons
  • Bohr's model - atom has a nucleus, electrons move in fixed orbits around the nucleus

  
• Atom


  Derived from the Greek word "atomos" which means indivisible
• Subatomic particles


  • Electrons
  • Protons
  • Neutrons
• An atom is electrically neutral because the number of electrons (negative charges) equals the number of protons (positive charges)
• Nucleus


  • Dense central structure of the atom which has an overall positive charge