a&p 1 unit 4 review questions

• Parasympathetic division


  Regulates heart rate at low normal levels
• Receptor types


  Differ in these tissues
• Parasympathetic nervous system anatomy

  • Craniosacral origin
  • Long preganglionic fibers
  • Ganglia in visceral effector organs
• Vagus X


  Majority (90%) of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are housed within this cranial nerve
• Preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit

  1. Ventral root

  2. White rami communicantes

  3. Sympathetic trunk ganglia
• Eccrine sweat glands receive no innervation by the parasympathetic nervous system
• Processes the sympathetic division is involved in

  • All of them
• Hypothalamus


  Controls most of the autonomic nervous system functions via the reticular formation
• Preganglionic axons


  Lightly myelinated
• Norepinephrine

  Secreted by post and ganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system
• The preganglionic axons extend to the effectors is a false statement about the ANS
• "D's" that do not describe the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system

  • Deep breathing
• "E's" that are not used to describe the sympathetic nervous system

  • Excretion
• The fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system emerge from the brain and sacral portion of the spinal cord
• The ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are close to the effectors
• Gray rami communicantes


  Contain postganglionic sympathetic fibers
• Adrenergic receptors


  Stimulated by epinephrine
• Nicotinic receptors are not found in the heart
• Muscarinic receptors


  Can be excretory or inhibitory, differ from nicotinic receptors
• Body temperature regulation


  Under the control of the sympathetic nervous system
• The parasympathetic nervous system shares control with the sympathetic nervous system over all organic functions except blood vessels
• Cornea


  Part of the fibrous layer of the eye
• Conjunctiva


  Site of pink eye infection
• Sympathetic fibers innervating the iris of the eye

  Cause dilation of pupils
• Cornea


  Contains the fibrous layer of the eye
• Choroid

  Contains the blood vessels of the eye
• Fovea centralis

  Provides the highest visual acuity
• Glaucoma


  • All of the following occur: increased intraocular pressure, optic nerve damage, vision loss
• Sympathetic innervation


  More predominant during distant vision
• Optic disc


  Area where the optic nerve leaves the eye
• Opsin


  Protein that differentiates visual pigments
• There are 20 cones for every rod
• Light-dependent step in vision

  Stimulating the transformation in retinol from the 11-cis-isomer to the all-trans-isomer
• Photoreceptor cell hyperpolarization


  Communicates detection of light or visual information to the brain
• During light adaptation, we lose retinol sensitivity but gain visual acuity
• Superior colliculi


  Visual reflex centers controlling the extrinsic muscles of the eye
• Myopia


  Concave lenses help correct this condition
• Eye looks at near objects

  Pupils constrict
• Olfactory receptor cells and cilia


  Receptive structures for smell
• Odorants


  Bind to receptors and stimulate opening up ion channels in detection of smell