ap psych unit 9

• Mere Exposure Effect


  Familiarity comes with exposure, and that familiarity leads to acceptance
• Central Route to Persuasion


  Using facts and logic to persuade someone; deep processing
• Peripheral Route to Persuasion


  Using emotional appeal to persuade someone; shallow processing
• Cognitive Dissonance Theory


  If thinking does not match, then tension arises; this tension will lower if attitudes and behaviors are more balanced
• Festinger and Carlsmith Study

  1. Participants completed a boring task

  2. Some were paid $1 to lie and tell incoming participants the task was enjoyable

  3. Others were paid $20 to lie

  4. The ones paid $1 were more likely to feel dissonance and change their mind to remove that dissonance

  5. The ones paid $20 felt little to no dissonance and were able to keep their idea that it was boring
• Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon


  Tendency for people who first agree to a small request to agree to a larger one
• Door-in-the-face


  If you request a larger amount and get rejected, the person is more likely to agree to a smaller amount (rather than nothing)
• Norms of Reciprocity


  After giving something to somebody, it is easier to get something back because they feel like they owe you
• Attribution Theory


  Tendency for giving a causal explanation of behavior to a person's situation (external effects) or disposition (internal tendency)
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy


  The expectations and beliefs that others have on a person may make that person try to confirm the belief
• Fundamental Attribution Error


  The tendency to overestimate how much disposition affects a person
• False Consensus Effect


  The tendency to overestimate how many people agree with a person
• Self-Serving Bias


  The tendency to take more credit for good outcomes
• Just World Phenomenon Tendency


  People believe the world is just and that everyone gets what they deserve
• Outgroup Homogeneity


  Tendency to see members of your own group as more diverse than people of other groups
• In-group Bias


  The preference for members of their own group (whether that be determined by age, status, etc.)
• Prejudice and Contact Theory

  Contact between two or more hostile groups will be less hostile if they work for the same goal
• Sherifs' Study


  Combative boys at summer camp began to be more cooperative when they were given a superordinate goal
• Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

  Frustration creates anger
• Bystander Effect


  When there is a larger group of bystanders as a situation is occurring, there is less likely to be a person who will give aid to those in need of help in the situation
• Diffusion of responsibility

  Bystanders usually think "someone else will help"
• Pluralistic Ignorance


  People tend to look at others to know what is right to do; this is why once one person steps in to help, more people tend to follow
• Altruism


  Unselfish giving
• Attraction Studies


  Humans are attracted to each other based on similarity, proximity, and reciprocal liking
• This is why opposites don't tend to attract, and absence may not make the heart grow fonder
• "Better-looking" people are seen as more intelligent and confident
• Social facilitation


  You work better in front of an audience when given an easy task
• Social Impairment/Inhibition

  When given a difficult task, this is the tendency to perform worse with an audience
• Conformity


  Changing oneself to "fit in" with others
• Individualism


  Behaviors/decisions are not really influenced by others
• Milgram's Study of Obedience


  Subjects would go to the extent of shocking people if a "professional" person or person of authority told them to (the participants were only deceived into thinking that they were shocking a person)
• Norms


  Rules about how people should act; the things that are considered "normal"
• Social Loafing


  Social tendency for people to decrease effort when in groups
• Group polarization


  A group's attitudes become more extreme after discussion
• Deindividuation


  Loss of self-restraint when you become anonymous in a group
• Group Think


  Mode of thinking when the desire for harmony while making group decisions overrides the need for thinking of alternatives
• Prejudice


  Usually negative, unjustifiable attitudes towards a group
• Discrimination


  Negative action taken against a prejudiced group
• Deindividuation


  The prisoners and guards lost their true identity and personality when they were given a role
• Role playing


  The prisoners and guards began taking their fake role too seriously