rogers

• Client Centered Theory


  Also known as person-centered therapy, emphasizes the importance of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness in therapy
• Client-Centered Theory


  • Focuses on the client's subjective experience, inner feelings, and self-exploration, rather than diagnosis or interpretation by the therapist
• Client-Centered Theory

  1. If-then framework

  2. If certain conditions exist, then a process will occur

  3. If this process occurs, then certain outcomes can be expected

  4. If the therapist is congruent and communicates unconditional positive regard and accurate empathy to the client, then therapeutic change will occur

  5. If therapeutic change occurs, then the client will experience more self-acceptance, greater trust of self, and so on
• Formative Tendency


  Rogers believed that there is a tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms
• Actualizing Tendency


  The innate drive within each individual to realize their fullest potential and become the best version of themselves
• Actualizing Tendency


  The tendency within all humans (and other animals and plants) to move forward completion or fulfillment of potentials
• Maintenance


  Similar to the lower steps on Maslow's hierarchy of needs, including basic needs like food, air, and safety, as well as the tendency to resist change and seek the status quo
• Enhancement


  The strong desire to learn and willingness to change, expressed in forms like curiosity, playfulness, self-exploration, friendship, and confidence in psychological growth
• Other animals and even plants have an inherent tendency to grow toward reaching their genetic potential, provided certain conditions are present
• People must be involved in a relationship with a partner who is congruent, or authentic, and who demonstrates empathy and unconditional positive regard
• Although people share the actualizing tendency with plants and other animals, only humans have a concept of self and thus a potential for self-actualization
• Self-Actualization


  The tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness
• Self-Concept


  Includes all those aspects of one's being and one's experiences that are perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual
• Ideal Self


  One's view of self as one wishes to be, containing all those attributes, usually positive, that people aspire to possess
• Ignored experience


  An experience that cannot be attended to due to the many potential stimuli, particularly of sight and sound
• Denied experience


  An experience that is hidden from consciousness but remains a part of one's experience and colors conscious behavior
• Accurately Symbolized


  Experiences that are freely admitted to the self-structure, as they are non-threatening and consistent with the existing self-concept
• Distorted Form


  When an experience is not consistent with one's view of self, it is reshaped or distorted so that it can be assimilated into the existing self-concept
• Denial of Positive Experiences


  Many people have difficulty accepting genuine compliments and positive feedback, even when deserved
• Positive Regard


  The need to be loved, liked, or accepted by another person
• Positive Self-Regard


  The experience of prizing or valuing one's self, which becomes independent of the continual need to be loved
• Conditions of Worth


  Perceiving that one's parents, peers, or partners love and accept them only if they meet those people's expectations and approval
• External Evaluations


  Our perceptions of other people's views
• Incongruence


  A discrepancy between a person's self-concept and aspects of their experience
• Vulnerability


  Being unaware of the discrepancy between one's organismic self and significant experience
• Anxiety and Threat


  Experienced as one gains awareness of the incongruence within the self
• Defensiveness


  The protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it
• Distortion


  Misinterpreting an experience in order to fit into some aspect of one's self-concept
• Denial


  Refusing to perceive an experience in awareness, or at least keeping some aspect of it from reaching symbolization
• Disorganization


  When defensive behaviors fail, and behavior becomes disorganized or psychotic
• Counselor Congruence


  Exists when a person's organismic experiences are matched by an awareness of them and by an ability and willingness to openly express these feelings
• Unconditional Positive Regard


  The need to be liked, prized, or accepted by another person, without any conditions or qualifications
• Empathic Listening


  Accurately sensing the feelings of clients and communicating these perceptions so that clients know another person has entered their world of feelings without prejudice, projection, or evaluation
• Stages of Therapeutic Change

  1. Stage 1: Unwillingness to communicate anything about oneself

  2. Stage 2: Slightly less rigid

  3. Stage 3: Freely talk about self, although still an object

  4. Stage 4: Talk of deep feelings but not ones presently felt

  5. Stage 5: Significant change and growth

  6. Stage 6: Dramatic growth and irreversible movement toward becoming fully functioning or self-actualizing

  7. Stage 7: Growth at stage 6 seems to be irreversible, can occur outside the therapeutic encounter
• Theoretical Explanation for Therapeutic Change

  1. Unconditional Positive Regard - unconditionally accepted

  2. Empathy - empathically understood

  3. Congruence/Genuineness - accurately understand themselves
• Person of Tomorrow


  • More adaptable, open to their experiences, trust in their organismic selves, live fully in the moment, harmonious relations with others, more integrated, basic trust of human nature, greater richness in life
• • the organismic self - external
  • the self - internal
• non directive counseling 


  provides evidence that the client, rather than the counselor, can help direct the treatment process by evoking self-change
• rogers' person-centered/client-centered theory is also often called nondirective counseling
• the formative tendency is similar to that of erikson's epigenetic principle