Chapter 23 New

• Functions of Kidneys:

  • Filter blood and excrete the toxic metabolic wastes
  • regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity
  • Secrete erythropoietin
  • Regulate calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism
  • Clear hormones and drugs from blood
  • Extreme starvation, help support the blood glucose
  • detoxify free radicals
• Nephron Loop: Thick Segement

  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
  • active transport of salts
  • high metabolic activity
  • Loaded with Mitochondria
• Renal Tubule:

  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • nephron loop
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting duct
• The flow of fluid from the point where the Glomerular filter, to the point where it leaves the body:

  Glomerular Capsule -> Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) -> Nephron Loop -> Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) -> Collecting Ducts -> Major Calyx -> Renal Pelvis -> Ureter -> Urinary Bladder -> Urethra.
• The Renal Plexus carries sympathetic innervations from the abdominal aortic plexus (especially its superior mesenteric and celiac ganglia) as well as afferent pain fibers from the kidneys en route to the spinal cord.
• Stimulation by the Sympathetic fibers of the Renal Plexus tends to reduce Glomerular blood flow and therefore reduce urine production, although these rates are influenced by other factors as well.
• Sympathetic fibers of the Renal Plexus respond to falling blood pressure by stimulating the kidneys to secrete Renin.
• Secreted from the kidneys, this enzyme activates hormonal mechanisms from restoring blood pressure is known as?

  Renin
• Kidneys convert blood plasma to Urine in 4 stages:

  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular Reabsorption
  • Tubular Secretion
  • Water Conservation
• What is the extensions of the cortex that project inward between pyramids?

  Renal Columns
• What is 6 to 8 with broad base surface cortex and pointed renal papilla?

  Renal Pyramids
• Renal Pyramid:

  • minor calyx
  • major calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
• Cup that nestles the papilla of each pyramid, collects urine produced?

  Minor Calyx
• Formed by merging of 2 to 3 minor calyces?

  Major calyx
• Formed by merging of 2 or 3 major calyces?

  Renal pelvis
• A continuation of the pelvis that drains urine down to the urinary bladder?

  Ureter
• Renal Artery divides into Segmental Arteries that give rise.
• What arteries move up renal columns and between pyramids?

  Interlobar arteries
• What arteries Arc over pyramids?

  Arcuate Arteries
• What arteries radiate up into cortex?

  Cortical Radiate (Interlobular) Arteries
• Cortical Radiate Arteries branch into Afferent Arterioles: each supply one Nephron.
• Ball of capillaries of the Nephron is called?

  Glomerulus
• Blood is drained from the Glomerulus by Efferent Arterioles.
• Most Efferent Arterioles lead to Peritubular Capillaries.
• Some Efferent Arterioles lead to this: a network of blood vessels within the renal medulla?

  Vasa recta
• Capillaries lead to Vortical Radiate Veins or directly into Arcuate Veins.
• Arcuate Veins lead to Interlobar Veins, which lead to the Renal Veins.
• Renal Vein empties into Inferior Vena Cava.
• What are the functional units of the Kidneys?

  Nephrons
• There are over a million Nephrons in each Kidney, and are responsible for producing (Blank)?

  Urine
• Nephron:

  • Renal Corpuscle
  • Renal Tubule
• Nephron: Filters blood plasma is known as?

  Renal Corpuscle
• Nephron: Long, ciliated tube that converts the filtrate into urine is known as?

  Renal tubule
• Renal Corpuscle consists of Glomerulus and 2 layered Glomerular Capsule that encloses the Glomerulus.
• Duct leading away from the Glomerular Capsule and ending at the tip of the Medullary Pyramid?

  Renal Tubule
• Comes off the Glomerular Capsule, longest and most coiled, where most of the absorption will take place is known as?

  Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
• Long U-shaped portion of the renal tubule: Has a Descending Limb and Ascending Limb with Thick/Thin Segments is known as?

  Nephron Loop
• Which segment of the Nephron Loop has initial parts of the Descending limb and part or all of the Ascending Limb, and performs active transport of salts and has many mitochondria for APT?

  Thick Segments
• Which segment of the Nephron Loop forms the lower part of the Descending Limb, and cells are very permeable to water?

  Thin Segment
• Begins after the Ascending Limb reenters the Cortex, shorter and less coiled than PCT, less absorption, and is the end of a Nephron?

  Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)