HPE

• Athletics


  A multi-discipline sport categorized into track and field
• Hurdle run


  • One of the exciting and challenging disciplines in athletics
  • There are three phases: take off, clearance, and landing
  • Common mistakes: take off too near or too far, going too high over the hurdle, slowing down or stopping before jumping, poor arm and leg action
• Athletics events

  • Track events: sprint, middle or long distance, relay, hurdling, steeplechase
  • Field events: road running, cross country, mountain running
  • Throwing events: shot put, javelin throw, hammer throw, discus throw
  • Jumping events: high jump, pole vault, long jump, triple jump
  • Combined events: decathlon, heptathlon
• Techniques of running over obstacles

  1. Don't approach the hurdle in the wrong direction

  2. Run at the hurdle

  3. Maintain a smooth, fast running

  4. Keep the body weight/hip forward

  5. Run fast on the finish line

  6. Lead leg goes first over the hurdle, trail leg follows
• 110m hurdle


  Event for boys, first hurdle is 13.72m, rest are 9.14m, finish line is 14.02m
• 100m hurdle


  Event for girls, first hurdle is 13m, rest are 8.5m, finish line is 10.5m
• Sprint race

  Covers a distance of 60m to 400m, purpose is to perform the given distance in a short time, starts from a crouched position
• Sprint relay

  Built differently from sprint race, has 4 athletes and baton exchange with a 20m exchange zone and 18m declaration area, 1st athlete holds baton in right hand, 2nd athlete receives in left hand
• Types of relay

  • 4 athletes with 100m
  • 4 athletes with 400m
• Baton exchange

  • Upsweep: receiving hand extended behind the hip height with palm facing down, wide angle between thumb and fingers
  • Downsweep: receiving hand extended behind, pass baton downward
  • Baton length: 23-30cm, weight: 50g, diameter: 12-13cm, circumference: 13cm
• Long jump

  • A field event where athletes aim to maximize the horizontal distance from a given mark
  • Phases: approach run-up to achieve ideal/maximum controllable speed, take-off to maximize vertical velocity and minimize loss in horizontal velocity, flight using hanging or hitch kick style, landing on the supported area
• High jump


  A track and field event where athletes jump unaided over a horizontal bar, used in different sports like basketball and rugby
• Throwing events

  • Hammer throw
  • Discus throw
  • Shot put
  • Javelin throw
• Overhead rack world throw

  The face of the thrower is opposite to the throwing area, maximum force delivered from the squat position between two legs in extended hand movement, slight spine may occur during bent over squat, the overall purpose is to throw a ball back over the head for maximum distance to the throwing area