micropara

• Temperature


  • Affects microbial growth by influencing enzymatic activity and membrane fluidity
• Autoclaving


  Passing steam through materials at high pressure to kill microorganisms and spores
• Quadrant streak method


  Streaking bacteria on an agar plate to obtain isolated colonies
• Inoculation


  Transferring a small amount of liquid culture onto a solid agar medium using a sterile loop or needle
• Bacterial culturing


  • Maintaining proper temperature and humidity is essential for successful culturing
• Labelling agar plates when culturing bacteria is important to keep track of the types of bacteria present
• quadrant streak method

  Purpose is to obtain a single isolated colony
• Aseptic technique


  Using sterile equipment and working in a sterile environment in bacterial culturing
• Inoculation is typically involved in bacterial culture
• Epidemiology


  The study of causes of diseases
• Koch's postulates


  1. Culturing the microorganism from the diseased individual

  2. Fulfilling Koch's postulates serves the purpose of identifying the cause of a disease and developing treatments or preventive measures
• Robert Koch developed Koch's postulates
• If a microorganism causes a specific disease, it must be isolated from individuals with the disease and grown in pure culture according to Koch's postulates
• Sporadic diseases


  Occur only rarely and in scattered locations
• Malaria


  • Example of an endemic disease
• Epidemic diseases


  Result in larger-than-expected numbers of cases in a short time within a geographic region, distinguishing them from endemic diseases
• Influenza


  • Example of a pandemic disease
• Pandemic diseases


  Occur on a worldwide scale, distinguishing them from epidemic diseases
• A period of decline in vaccination rates


  Can lead to the reemergence of a disease
• Innate nonspecific immune system


  A generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogens
• Cytokines


  Chemical signals between cells that stimulate a wide range of nonspecific defenses
• Sebum is secreted onto the surface of the skin
• White blood cells


  Also referred to as leukocytes
• Hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow
• Edema


  Swelling as a result of inflammation
• Biological vector transmission


  • A mosquito biting a person who subsequently develops a fever and abdominal rash
• Vehicle transmission


  • Cattle allowed to pasture in a field containing the farmhouse well, leading to the farmer's family falling ill with a gastrointestinal pathogen after drinking the water
• Vasculitis


  Inflammation of the blood vessels
• Generating large quantities of oxygen that kill anaerobic pathogens is NOT a way the normal microbiota of the intestine helps to prevent infection
• Fever would be a sign of an infection
• Food poisoning due to a preformed bacterial toxin in food

  • Example of a noncommunicable infectious disease
• Histamine

  May be released as part of the allergic response, causing itching and pain by stimulating nerve endings, and it is released from granules of cells as part of the adaptive immune response