Paper 1

• Translocation

  Dissolved sugars move through the phloem tissue
• Cell differentiation

  A cell differentiates into a specialised cell
• Embryonic stem cells

  • Can differentiate into any type of cell
• The thicker side of the heart is always the side that pumps oxygenated blood around the body
• The heart muscles need to be thick so they can pump the blood with enough force around the body
• The thicker side pumps blood out with more pressure
• The thinner tubes is where the blood enters and the thicker tubes is where the blood exits
• Statins

  Drugs that can be taken to slow down the build up of fatty materials in the blood vessels
• Statins can reduce the risk of heart attack however they have a short term effect and have to be purchased regularly
• Stents

  Small metal mesh tube used to keep blood vessels open and allow blood to flow freely
• Stents last much longer than statins but surgery is required for this and there is a risk of infection during it
• Conversion

  • 1000 micrometers in 1mm
  • 1000 nanometers in 1 micrometer
• Fungus

  Eats dead or decaying matter- stuff like mushrooms, mold and yeast
• Protist

  Simple eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants, animals or fungi
• Virus

  Non living made up of genetic material and needs a host to survive and replicate
• Endothermic

  A reaction that absorbs heat
• Exothermic

  A reaction that realeases heat
• Eukaryotic cells

  A bunch of cells combined together into one organism
• Prokaryotic cells

  Organisms made up of only one cell
• Diffusion

  Gas particles move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
• If something gets heavier when put in water that is osmosis
• Animal cell components

  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
• Nucleus

  Controls the cell and holds the cells genetic information
• Ribosomes

  Makes protein
• Cytoplasm

  Where chemical reactions take place in a cell
• Cell membrane

  Controls the movement of substances in and out the cell
• Cell wall

  Provides structure and protection
• Vacuole

  Stores water / cell sap
• Chloroplasts


  Where photosynthesis takes place
• Pathogens

  Microorganisms that cause disease
• Mitochondria


  An organelle which is the site of respiration
• Adult stem cells


  • Can form many types of cells
• Mitosis


  A type of cell division which produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell
• Eukaryotic cells


  Found in plants and animals and contain a nucleus
• Prokaryotic cells


  Found in bacteria and don't have a nucleus
• Plasmid


  A loop of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
• Stem cells


  Undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce many specialised cells of the same type
• Aorta


  The main artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body
• Artery


  A blood vessel that carries blood at high pressure away from the heart
• Enzymes


  Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions in living organisms