Developing new medicines(B.10)

• State 3 ways that drugs can be produced

  Extracted from Plants, microorganisms & synthesised
• Where does the heart drug digitalis originate from?

  Foxgloves(plant)
• Where does the painkiller aspirin originates from?

  Willow trees
• Where does the antibiotics penicillin originate from?

  Penicillium mould
• Three things that drugs are tested and trialled for before use

  1)Toxicity(safe) 2)efficacy(does it work) 3)dose(quantity)
• What is used to test drugs during preclinical testing?


  Cells, tissues & live animals
• Who are medicines tested on in stage 1 of clinical trials?

  Healthy volunteers (low doses - test for toxicity)
• Who are medicines tested in stage 2 of clinical trials


  Patient volunteers (low doses - test for efficacy & dose)
• What is a double blind trial?

  Neither experimenter or patient knows if they are taking medicine or placebo
• What is Placebo?


  A substance that contains no medicine (a control)
• What is the name for the injection given to patients to prevent them from catching an infectious disease?


  Vaccination
• Describe step 1 of Vaccinations

  1)small quantity of dead/inactive pathogen
• Describe step 2 of vaccinations

  White blood cells produce correct antibody(slowly)
• Describe step 3 of vaccinations

  pathogen enters body & WBC produce correct antibodies (quickly)
• State two benefits of vaccination

  Prevent(stop) illness is an individual & prevent(stop) spread to others