LAB PRACTICAL STUDY GUIDE

• 3 differences between primate and non-primate skulls

  1. post orbital closure/wall
  2. brain case size
  3. forward facing eyes

  
• Platyrrhines dental formula: 2.1.3.3
• Platyrrhines ectotympanic region: ring
• Catarrhines dental formula: 2.1.2.3
• catarrhines ectotympanic region: tube
• Bones required to calculate intermembral index (IMI) & how to do it:

  Humerus + radius (arm length) / femur + tibia (leg length) X 100 = IMI
• A high IMI (>> 100) indicates long arms relative to short legs.

  This is seen in chimps and gibbons

  Categorized as brachiators/ knuckle walkers
• A IMI at approximately 100 indicates arms and legs are approximately at equal length.

  Ex: Baboons

  Categorized as terrestrial quadrupeds
• A low IMI (<< 100) indicates short arms relative to long legs

  Ex: Tarsiers

  Categorized as Arboreal quads and leapers
• Abducted big toes are seen in chimps (not in line with others; poking away)
• Adducted big toes are seen in humans (in line with others)
• Comparing chimp (left) and human (right) feet, which species has an arched foot?

  Answer: Human

  
• Comparing chimp (left) and human (right) feet, which species has freaky long toes?

  Answer: Chimp

  
• Comparing chimp (left) and human (right) feet, which species has an abducted hallux?

  Answer: Chimp

  
• Comparing chimp (left) and human (right) feet, which species is the biped?

  Answer: Human

  
• H. Sapiens (modern) = biggest brain

  
• H. Sapiens (cro mag) = almost human but a little ugly

  
• A. afarensis = most prognathic face

  
• H. neanderthalensis = occipital bun

  
• P. boisei = Huge saggital crest and molars

  
• Name one additional feature unique to the neanderthal skull (mandible).

  Answer: Retromolar gap

  
• Name one additional feature unique to the human skulls (mandible).

  Answer: Chin

  
• Differentiating verterbae.

  Which one has foramina on the transverse processes?

  Answer: Cervical
• Differentiating vertebrae.

  Which one looks like a giraffe?

  Answer: Thoracic

  
• Lumbar lordosis centers mass along central line of gravity for balance. This is an example of one adaptation for bipedalism.
• Lumbar is the largest vertebrae.
• Differentiating vertebrae.

  Which one looks like a moose?

  Answer: Lumbar

  
• Compare the chimp, boisei, and human skulls.

  Name one skull feature that allows to identify a biped.

  Answer: Foramen magnum position anteriorly

  
• Identify the hominin

  Answer: A. afarensis

  
• Identify the hominin

  answer: H. erectus

  
• Identify the hominin

  Answer: P. boisei

  
• Identify the hominin

  Answer: H. neanderthalensis

  
• Identify the hominin:

  Answer: H. sapiens

  
• Pan troglodytes are also known as chimps
• Identify the hominin

  Answer: P. robustus

  *picture taken from the slides*

  
• Heterodont teeth are found in primates
• Heterodont teeth are those that are different in size and shape
• Homodont teeth are the same in size and shape
• Homodont vs. Heterodont teeth

  Answer: Homodont

  
• Homodont vs. Heterodont teeth

  Answer: Heterodont