unit 8- clinical psych

• psychological disorder


  a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
• biomedical

  the perspective that assumes diseases have physical causes, can be diagnosed based on symptoms, and that seeks treatment or cures in a hospital
• attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)


  a disorder characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsivity
• DSM-5


  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition); published by the APA in 2013, used to classify and diagnose psychological disorders
• Diagnostic Criteria


  in the DSM, the specific list of symptoms used to identify a particular disorder
• Prevalence


  in the DSM, notes and observations on how widespread a particular disorder, and how much more or less frequently it occurs in different populations
• Development and Course


  in the DSM, notes and observations on how and when a particular disorder tends to first present itself and change over time
• Risk and Prognostic Factors


  in the DSM, notes and observations on which circumstances and variables put one at greater risk of developing a particular disorder
• Differential Diagnosis


  in the DSM, notes on how to distinguish between a particular disorder and other similar or frequently-comorbid disorders
• Comorbidity


  the simultaneous presence of two disorders in a patient
• insanity


  a legal term indicating that, because of a mental disease or defect, a defendant was unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of their acts or to control their behavior
• anxiety disorders


  psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety and/or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
• generalized anxiety disorder


  an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive anxiety or worry that is difficult to control and the physical symptoms of constant autonomic nervous system arousal
• panic disorder


  an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and persistent worry over future attacks
• panic attack


  an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort, characterized by several physical and mental symptoms
• specific phobia


  an anxiety disorder characterized by a a marked fear or anxiety about an object or situation
• social anxiety disorder


  an anxiety disorder characterized by a marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others; formerly called social phobia
• agoraphobia


  an anxiety disorder characterized by a marked fear or anxiety about situations in which an individual feels they might not be able to escape or help might not be available if something happens
• OCD

  a disorder characterized by the presence of recurrent and persistent thoughts that cause anxiety, repetitive behaviors aimed at easing anxiety, or both.
• obsessions


  in OCD, the recurrent and persistent thoughts that are intrusive, unwanted, and cause marked anxiety
• compulsions


  in OCD, the repetitive behaviors that an individual feels driven to perform to prevent or reduce anxiety
• posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)


  a disorder characterized intrusive symptoms related to the memory of a traumatic event; such as haunting memories, nightmares, flashbacks, and other mental and physiological symptoms
• posttraumatic growth


  positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
• mood disorders


  psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
• major depressive disorder


  a mood disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks with depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure, among other symptoms
• persistent depressive disorder


  a mood disorder in which a person experiences a depressed mood for at least two years, among other symptoms
• bipolar disorder


  a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania; formerly known as manic-depressive disorder
• mania


  a hyperactive, euphoric state
• bipolar I


  a bipolar disorder in which a person experiences very severe manic episodes, sometimes involving psychosis and requiring hospitalization
• bipolar II


  a bipolar disorder in which a person experiences hypomanic episodes, which are typically shorter and less severe than manic episodes
• rumination


  compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes
• schizophrenia


  a psychological disorder characterized by delusions and hallucinations, among other positive and negative symptoms
• psychosis


  a state in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
• delusions


  false beliefs that are firmly maintained even when contradicted
• hallucinations


  false sensory experiences that occur in the absence of sensory stimulation
• negative symptoms


  symptoms of schizophrenia that are deficits in functioning, such as flattened affect, slowed speech, and reduced movement
• positive symptoms


  symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of in functioning, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech
• somatic symptom disorder


  a psychological disorder characterized by physical symptoms that are distressing or disruptive (e.g. pain, nausea) but have no apparent physical cause
• conversion disorder


  also known as functional neurological symptom disorder; a psychological disorder characterized by a significant alteration of motor or sensory function (e.g. blindness, paralysis) with no apparent physical cause
• illness anxiety disorder


  a psychological disorder characterized by a preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness, but with few or no somatic symptoms; formerly called hypochondriasis