D1, Section 1: Poetry

• Rhyming / repetition patterns in Villanelle stanzas: (1st and 3rd line of the first stanza rhyme)

  1. In second stanza, OG 1st line of 1st stanza is restated in its third line
  2. In third stanza, OG 3rd line of 1st stanza is restated in its third line
  3. Repeat until it ends with OG 1st original line restated in 3rd line of last quatrain stanza.
• Shakespearean sonnets have three quatrains (four lines per stanza) followed by a concluding couplet (two lines per stanza). The first twelve lines present a situation or problem, while the remaining four lines offer a resolution or conclusion.
• Haiku Structure/Rhyme Scheme:

  • has 17 syllables
  • consists of 3 lines of 5, 7, 5 syllables
  • has no set rhyme scheme
  • has a fixed form
• Haiku Style and Origins:

  • Style - is related to the beauty of nature, feelings, or experiences
  • ex: Life and death
  • Origins - Japanese
• Limerick Structure:

  • a five line poem
  • Rhyme scheme - AABBA
  • its final line is a punch line
  • has a fixed / closed verse form
• Limerick Style and Origins:

  • Style - witty, humorous, and was used as a form of entertainment
  • Origins: Ireland
• Sonnet Structure:

  • a 14 line poem
  • has structure of Iambic Pentameter, or has 10 syllables per line; "da-Dum"
  • lines 1 - 8 focus on the issue, lines 9 - 14 focus on discussing resolutions
  • two types of sonnets: Petrarchan and Spenserian
  • unstressed and stressed syllables repeated x5
  • has a fixed / closed verse form
• Sonnet Style: (of most typical, popular sonnets)

  1. Shakespearean sonnet - abab cdcd efef gg
  2. Spensarian sonnet - abab bcbc cdcd ee
  3. Petrarchan sonnet - abba abba cdec de
  4. Miltonic sonnet - abba abba cdcd cd
• Possible exam question: "What is the change in focus in this poem?"

  Tip: look for/mention volta or other change

  Volta definition: Italian for "turn," rhetorical shift that marks the change of a thought or argument in a poem

  Volta can be found in lines 8 - 9
• Villanelle Structure and Key Terms:

  • a 19 line poem
  • Has 2 rhyme sounds
  • the first and third lines of first stanza are rhyming refrains, such that poem ends in a couplet with the third OG line repeated
  • Key term: stanza - division of a poem of 2 or more lines arranged together as unit
  • Key term: refrain - repeated word, line, or group of lines that appear at end of stanza; its repetition emphasizes set of words or idea
• Villanelle Style and Origins:

  • Style - resists narrative development, addresses hardships, life, and beauty
  • Origins - French
• Ballad Structure, Style, and Origins:

  • Structure - 2nd and 4th line rhyme; may contain quatrains or 4 line stanzas, quintets or 5 line stanzas, and sistets or 6 line stanzas
  • Style - relating to love, religion, politics, and war
  • Origins - 13th century Italy and Spain, but practiced in greater part of Europe
• Free Verse Structure, Style, and Origins:

  1. Structure - has no set pattern, and most don't even rhyme; has no specific length, can vary from 2 or 100 lines; the use of diction and form define meaning of poem
  2. Style - love, tragedy, politics, and nature
  3. Origins - 19th century France, but popular in England
• Poetry Section Reflection Questions:

  1. Does the poem follow an identifiable rhyme scheme corresponding to a specific poetic form?
  2. What kind of rhyme is used - internal or end rhyme, slant or true rhyme, etc.?
  3. Is it consistent or scattered throughout? If consistent, where does the rhyme change or appear, and why?
  4. What is the overall purpose or effect of the rhyme scheme?
• Poetry Key Terms:

  1. Internal rhyme - An internal rhyme (or middle rhyme) is a rhyme involving a word in the middle of a line and another at the end of the line, or in the middle of the next
  2. End rhyme - a rhyme present only in line endings
  3. Slant rhyme - also known as half/imperfect/near/lazy rhyme, is a type of rhyme formed by words that are similar but not identical (ex. pact / slicked, years / yours)
  4. True rhyme - A rhyme in which the words have identical stressed vowel sounds, such as pot and hot & kit and bit.
• Poetry Summary Revision 1:

  
  

  Haiku: 3 lines, no rhyme pattern, Japanese origins, style: nature, experiences..

  Limerick: 5 lines, rhyme pattern: AABBA, Irish origins, style: witty, entertaining

  Villanelle: 19 lines, 2 rhymes - has rhyming refrains, French origins, style: no narrative development, hardships, life

  Free Verse: no set length or pattern, French origins, style: love, tragedy, politics
• Poetry Summary Revision 2:

  
  

  Sonnet: 14 lines, Iambic Pentameter - 10 syllables per line, DA DUM

  • Shakespearean sonnet: abab cdcd efef gg
  • Spenserian sonnet: abab bcbc cdcd ee
  • Petrarchan sonnet: abba abba cdec de
  • Miltonic sonnet: abba abba cdcd cd

  Volta: turn or change in thought

  Internal rhyme: in middle or end

  End rhyme: only in endings

  Slant rhyme: rhymes w/ words that're similar

  True rhyme: duh, true rhyme