Biology 1.2

• What is respiration

  A process that releases atp(energy)
• What is aerobic respiration

  Realising atp using oxeygon
• aerobic respiration is a series of enzyme contorls chemical reactions in the mitrochondria of cells. blood carries glucose and oxeygon to the cells, they diffuse in and react releasing the stored energy
• Word equation for aerobic respiration

  Glucose+oxeygon->carbon dioxide+water+energy
• What is a thermometer used for

  To record temperature changes
• What is a thermos flask used for

  reduce heat lost through the sides
• Investigating respiration in germinating peas

  1. peas respire releasing heat and record temperature goes up
  2. peas are boiled (respiratory enzymes are denatured) no respiration by peas but recorded temp still increases slightly as peas are covered in respiring microbes
  3. the disinfection has killed any microorganisms. Pea seeds have been boiled and so are not living respiration is not taking place in this flask and so there is no heat energy being released
• what is a cotton wool used for

  To ensure gases can pass in and out of the flask
• What is anaerobic respiration used for

  A shorter series of enzyme controlled reactions that partially breaks down glucose releasing only some of the energy stored this reaction can occur in the absence of oxeygen
• Anerobic is less efficient
• Lactic acid is poisonous to the body and can cause muscles to stop working
• what does anerobic respiration result in

  Oxeygon debut/ heavt breathing/panting happens after exercise to pay back the oxeygen debt and break down the lactic acid
• word equation for anaerobic respiration

  Glucose -> ATP + lactic acid
• The amount of oxygen needed to remove the toxic lactic acid is the oxygen debt and must be paid back when oxygen is readily available
• When may anarobic Respiration take place in muscle cells

  During vigours exercise
• Why may anerobic respiration in muscles cells stop

  Lactic acid build up inhibits anaerobic respiration
• What are the symptoms of lactic acid build up

  Cramp and fatigue
• What is oxeygon debt

  The extra volume of oxygen that must be taken in after anerobic respiration to break down lactic acid
• Is aerobic or anaerobic more efficent

  Aerobic respiration is more efficent as it produces more molecules of atp
• Why isn’t anaerobic respiration as efficient

  It doesn’t fully break down glucose molecules because there’s no oxygen

  results in les atp being formed per glucose molecule
• who will produce more co2

  Physically fit people will produce more co2 and less lactic acid during exercise
• Why is is that people who are physically fit will produce more c02

  Fitter people can breath in more oxygon and their heart can pump it around their body more efficiently so they will be doing more aerobic respiration
• People who are unfit will produce less co2 and more lactic acid during exercise . This is because they are doing more anaerobic respiration as they can’t get enough oxygen
• Respiratory system

  Photo

  
• Why is a respiratory needed in humans

  Large living organisms have more cells so they will need more oxygen

  oxygen cannot simply diffuse into these organisms from the outside as it would take too long or be used up before it even got there
• What is the respiratory system used for

  Used to bring air into the body and give then blood oxygen, as well as remove the carbon dioxide. We breath in and out to replenish air. this maintains a concentration gradient meaning it keeps the oxygen higher in the lungs compared to the blood, so oxygen will continue to diffuse in
• What is the pathway of gas through the respiratory system

  Nose

  tranchea

  Bronchi

  Broncholes

  alveolia

  capilaries
• What is the function of mucus in the respiratory system

  It heals harmless substances and organisms preventing entry into the lungs
• What does the alveoli do

  ‘Air sacs” where gas exchange takes place
• Adaptions of alveoli to make them efficient at gas exchange

  1 They have a very good blood supply maintain a concentration gradient

  2 that have a large surface area

  3 they have thin walls that are one cell thick short diffusion pathways for gases

  4 that have a moist lining
• Alveoli

  Photo

  
• Describe the process of gas’s exchange at the alveoli


  as the red blood cells and plasma in the blood capillary flow around the alveolus oxygen diffuses into the capillary and carbon dioxide diffuses out
• Composition of gas in the air

  Gas Inspired air Expired air

  nitrogen 78.1% 78.1%

  oxeygon 20.9% 16%

  carbon D 0.04% 4

  water vapour variable Variable
• What do we use to test for carbon dioxide

  Lime water
• How do we know if carbon is present

  The like water will turn from a clear colour, to a milky colour
• What is the chemical test for carbon dioxide

  Bubble gas through lime water
• What is inspiration

  Breathing in
• What is expiration

  Breathing out
• What is ventilation

  Movement of fresh air into the lungs and stale air out of the lungs
• What does ventilation require

  rib cadge intercostal diagram