QRC REVIEW

• GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
• Gram-positive bacteria are stained purple by the Gram stain.
• The cell wall is composed mainly of peptidoglycan, which contains alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylluramic acid (NAM).
• Peptide crosslinks between adjacent chains form a rigid structure that provides strength to the bacterial cell wall.
• GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
• Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS), phospholipids, and proteins.
• O antigens vary among different species of gram-negative bacteria and can be used as markers for identification purposes.
• The LPS molecule consists of three parts: O antigen, core polysaccharide, and lipid A.
• ENDOSPORE FORMING
• Spore formation involves the synthesis of new proteins and enzymes required for endospore development.
• During sporulation, DNA is condensed into a compact form called the nucleoid.
• Endospores are formed by some bacteria under unfavorable conditions such as lack of nutrients or oxygen.
• MICROBIAL PATHOGENS
• Bacteria can cause diseases through various mechanisms including toxin production, invasion of host cells, and evasion of immune responses.
• Some bacterial pathogens have evolved strategies to avoid detection by the human immune system.
• RHIZOPUS GENUS
• Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold) is an example of this genus.
• The Rhizopus genus includes fungi that produce mycelium-like structures and reproduce sexually and asexually.
• The Rhizopus genus includes fungi that produce mycelium-like structures and reproduce sexually and asexually.
• Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made up of chitin and other polysaccharides.
• RA 10611
• Fungi lack flagella and cilia for movement but instead use hyphae to spread throughout their environment.
• Conidiospores germinate into hyphae, which grow quickly and produce more spores.
• Hyphae allow fungi to absorb nutrients from their environment through specialized structures called septa.
• Septa are crosswalls within hyphae that separate individual cells but maintain connectivity between them.
• Republic Act No. 10611, also known as the Food Safety Law of 2013, aims to ensure food safety by regulating the production, processing, distribution, importation, exportation, sale, offering for sale, storage, transportation, handling, packaging, labeling, advertising, promotion, and delivery of food products within the Philippines.
• This law applies to all establishments involved in any stage of the food chain, including primary producers, processors, distributors, importers, exporters, retailers, restaurants, caterers, and food service facilities.
• Hyphae can branch out and form networks called mycelia.
• Fungi have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition, meaning they obtain nutrients from organic matter rather than producing them themselves.
• It requires compliance with international standards such as Codex Alimentarius and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP).
• Fungi can be found in various habitats such as soil, water, plants, animals, and humans.
• Some examples of fungal diseases include athlete's foot, ringworm, thrush, and yeast infection.
• Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi where the plant provides carbohydrates and the fungus provides minerals.
• Mycelia can be unicellular or multicellular and may have specialized cells such as rhizoids (root-like structures) and sclerotia (hardened masses).
• The nucleus is located at the tip of the hyphae where new growth occurs.
• Saprophytic fungi decompose dead organic matter by secreting enzymes such as amylase, proteases, lipases, and pectinases.
• Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes from different individuals, resulting in the formation of zygospores.
• Mycelium refers to the network of interconnected hyphae formed by fungi.
• Pathogenic fungi cause diseases like athlete's foot, ringworm, thrush, and nail infection.
• Saprophytic fungi obtain nutrition from dead organic matter or living plant tissues without harming the host.