History final exam

• Funj Sultanate


  Established in 1504 with Senara as its center
• Funj Sultanate


  • Funj quickly embraced Islam
  • Expanded into Nilotic Sudan, Islamized the region, and experienced Nubian-Arab cultural fusion
• Funj Sultanate


  Faced attacks from Christian Ethiopia, with notable leaders like Amara Dungas defending Funj's dominance
• King Soses (r. 1617-32) launched an expedition and destroyed and looted several villages of the Funj Sultanate


  Around 1620
• King Iya II (r. 1730-55) launched two other expeditions against Funj


  In 1742 and 1744
• Funj Sultanate was conquered by Muhammad Ali's Egypt


  In 1821
• Moroccan Sultanate


  Rose as an independent state in the 16th century, united by Sa'dids Arab claims
• Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur (r. 1578-1603)


  • Marked the zenith of Moroccan power
• Morocco


  Drove out the Portuguese in 1578 and clashed with the Songhay Empire in West Africa in 1591
• Moroccan army


  Captured Gao and Timbuktu, disrupting the gold trade
• Ahmad al-Mansur's death in 1603


  Led to internal dynastic struggles and division into Fez and Marrakesh sultanates
• Alawid Dynasty (established in 1669)


  • Restored unity to Morocco in the 17th century
  • Strengthened power by conscripting West African captives into the army
• Era marked by state formation, trade expansion, and Islamic supremacy in Nubia

  16th-19th Centuries
• Arab and Islam expanded into Nubia from the 14th century, leading to Arab dominance
• Funj Sultanate established

  1504
• Funj Sultanate

  Established by the Funj pastoral people who quickly embraced Islam, with Sennar as its center
• Abdallahi, an Arab state

  Contested the Funj for trading rights and political supremacy
• Funj expanded into Nilotic Sudan, Islamized the region, and experienced Arab-Nubian cultural fusion
• Christian Ethiopia attacked the Funj

  Funj leaders like Amin Dungas defended Funj's dominance
• The Funj faced three major attacks from the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia
• King Susonyos of Ethiopia launched an expedition and destroyed and looted several Funj villages


  Around 1620
• King Iyasu II of Ethiopia launched two other expeditions against the Funj, in the second of which the Funj were defeated


  1742 and 1744
• The Funj remained influential until conquered by Muhammad Ali's Egypt in 1821
• Morocco rose as an independent state, united by the Sa'dids Arab clan


  16th Century
• Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur


  Marked the zenith of Moroccan power (r. 1578-1603)
• Morocco drove out the Portuguese in 1578 and clashed with the Songhay Empire in West Africa in 1591
• The Moroccan army captured Gao and Timbuktu, disrupting the gold trade
• Ahmad al-Mansur's death in 1603 led to internal dynastic struggles and division into Fez and Marrakesh sultanates
• The Alawid Dynasty, established in 1669, restored unity to Morocco in the 17th century
• The Alawid Dynasty strengthened power by conscripting West African captives into the army
• Moroccan military presence on the Niger bend continued in the 17th century
• The Arma rule collapsed in 1737 as Tuareg Berber nomads took control over Timbuktu and the Niger bend grassland
• The Edo people in southern Nigeria established the Benin Empire in the 14th century
• The Benin Empire reached its zenith by the end of the 15th century, with Benin City as its capital
• The Benin Empire flourished through ocean trade, particularly with Portuguese and Dutch, exchanging goods like pepper and dyed cotton for European products
• The Benin Empire was renowned for its bronze sculptures
• The Benin Empire started declining in the 17th century
• Yoruba chieftaincies united to form the Oyo Empire in the 17th century
• Oyo Empire


  Primarily agricultural with proficiency in craft technology
• The Oyo Empire disintegrated in the 19th century due to invasions by neighbours, especially the Fulani, and internal rebellions