C12: Motivation, Work, Hunger

• Motivation is the need/desire that energizes and directs behavior towards a goal
• Drive is a biological and instigated type of motivation that seeks for correction (eg. drinking water)
• Motive is a process that is learned (eg. achievement)
• Instinct is a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and unlearned (eg. infants looking for a nipple)
• Drive Reduction Theory is a physiological need creates an aroused state, motivates organism to satisfy need
• Drive Reduction Theory formula: Need -> Drive -> Drive-reducing behavior
• Primary Drive is an innate drive created by deprivation of a needed substance or participation in an activity (eg. hunger, thirst, sexual arousal)
• Secondary Drive is a culturally learned/determined drive (eg. money, intimacy, etc.)
• Homeostasis is the tendency to maintain a balanced/constant internal state (eg. blood glucose)
• Incentive Theory is a theory that rewards and punishments become primary motivators of people's behavior
• Incentives are positive/negative stimuli that motivates ones behavior
• Arousal Theory is the need to maintain optimal level of arousal that motivates behaviors that meet no physiological need (eg. hunger for information)
• Arousal is a state of excitement/energy expenditure linked to an emotion
• Yerkes Dodson Law states that performance increases with arousal up to a certain point, beyond which performance decreases
• Maslow's hierarchy of Needs describes a human's physiological needs that needs to be achieved first before a human's psychological needs
• Maslow's hierarchy of Needs prioritizes survival-based and social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning
• Achievement motivation is the desire for significant accomplishment; for the mastery of skills/ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard (eg. Intrinsic: satisfaction, Extrinsic grades)
• Intrinsic motivation is the desire to perform effectively for its own sake (eg. reading to improve ones vocabulary)
• Extrinsic motivation is the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards/avoid punishments (eg. reading to avoid bad grades)
• Self-determination (intrinsic) is the ability of individuals to make choices and determine their own actions
• Self-efficacy is ones belief in obtaining a goal
• Management theory are teaching styles related closely to intrinsic/extrinsic motivations
• Theory X is a managers belief that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits/threatened with punishment
• In Theory X, managers think employees are extrinsically motivated and are only interested in Maslow's lower needs
• Theory Y is a managers belief that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive
• In Theory Y, managers believe employees are interested in Maslow's higher needs
• Cognitive Dissonance is the reduction of discomfort from two inconsistent thoughts
• 4 Types of Conflict: Approach-approach, Avoidance-avoidance, Approach-avoidance, Multiple approach-avoidance
• Approach-approach is a situation of indecision between two positive outcomes (eg. deciding on a pet)
• Avoidance-avoidance is a situation of indecision between two undesirable options (eg. Homework vs Housework)
• Approach-avoidance is a type of stress that involves a single goal/event that has positive and negative aspects happening at the same time (eg. eating cake but wanting to lose weight)
• Multiple approach-avoidance is an internal mental debate on the pros and cons of differing situations that has both good and bad consequences
• When the stomach is empty, it secrets ghrelin and contracts itself
• Ghrelin is a hormone secreted by an empty stomach, sending "hungry" signals to the brain
• Brain monitors your blood chemistry and body's internal state; triggers hunger and holds the hypothalamus