Motivation is the need/desire that energizes and directs behavior towards a goal
Drive is a biological and instigated type of motivation that seeks for correction (eg. drinking water)
Motive is a process that is learned (eg. achievement)
Instinct is a complex behavior that is rigidly patternedthroughout a species and unlearned (eg. infants looking for a nipple)
Drive Reduction Theory is a physiological need creates an aroused state, motivatesorganism to satisfyneed
Drive Reduction Theory formula: Need -> Drive -> Drive-reducing behavior
Primary Drive is an innate drive created by deprivation of a neededsubstance or participation in an activity (eg. hunger, thirst, sexual arousal)
Secondary Drive is a culturallylearned/determined drive (eg. money, intimacy, etc.)
Homeostasis is the tendency to maintain a balanced/constantinternalstate (eg. blood glucose)
Incentive Theory is a theory that rewards and punishments become primary motivators of people's behavior
Incentives are positive/negative stimuli that motivates ones behavior
Arousal Theory is the need to maintain optimal level of arousal that motivatesbehaviors that meetnophysiologicalneed (eg. hunger for information)
Arousal is a state of excitement/energy expenditure linked to an emotion
Yerkes Dodson Law states that performanceincreases with arousal up to a certain point, beyond which performance decreases
Maslow's hierarchy of Needs describes a human's physiologicalneeds that needs to be achievedfirstbefore a human's psychologicalneeds
Maslow's hierarchy of Needs prioritizes survival-based and social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning
Achievementmotivation is the desire for significant accomplishment; for the mastery of skills/ideas; for control; and for attaining a highstandard (eg. Intrinsic: satisfaction, Extrinsic grades)
Intrinsic motivation is the desire to performeffectively for its own sake (eg. reading to improve ones vocabulary)
Extrinsic motivation is the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards/avoid punishments (eg. reading to avoid bad grades)
Self-determination (intrinsic) is the ability of individuals to make choices and determine their own actions
Self-efficacy is ones belief in obtaining a goal
Management theory are teaching styles related closely to intrinsic/extrinsicmotivations
TheoryX is a managers belief that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits/threatened with punishment
In TheoryX, managers think employees are extrinsically motivated and are only interested in Maslow'slowerneeds
Theory Y is a managers belief that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive
In Theory Y, managers believe employees are interested in Maslow's higherneeds
Cognitive Dissonance is the reduction of discomfort from two inconsistent thoughts
4 Types of Conflict: Approach-approach, Avoidance-avoidance, Approach-avoidance, Multiple approach-avoidance
Approach-approach is a situation of indecision between two positive outcomes (eg. deciding on a pet)
Avoidance-avoidance is a situation of indecision between two undesirable options (eg. Homework vs Housework)
Approach-avoidance is a type of stress that involves a single goal/event that has positive and negative aspects happening at the same time (eg. eating cake but wanting to lose weight)
Multiple approach-avoidance is an internal mental debate on the pros and cons of differing situations that has both good and bad consequences
When the stomach is empty, it secrets ghrelin and contractsitself
Ghrelin is a hormone secreted by an empty stomach, sending "hungry" signals to the brain
Brain monitors your blood chemistry and body's internal state; triggershunger and holds the hypothalamus