IG CHEM

• Matter is everything around us that has mass and occupies space
• Matter is made up of tiny particles
• States of matter


  • Solids
  • Liquids
  • Gases
• Solids


  • Have a fixed volume
  • Keep their own shape
  • Particles are tightly packed
• Liquids


  • Have a fixed volume
  • Take the shape of their container
  • Particles can move around a bit
• Gases


  • Have no fixed volume
  • Take the shape of their container
  • Particles move around freely
• Particle separation, arrangement and motion in solids, liquids and gases

  Solids: Particles very close together with minimal separation

  Liquids: Particles slightly separated compared to solids

  Gases: Particles relatively far apart
• Particle arrangement in solids, liquids and gases

  Solids: Tightly packed orderly or regular pattern

  Liquids: Loosely arranged in a disorganized manner

  Gases: Highly disordered arrangement with particles spread out
• Particle motion in solids, liquids and gases

  Solids: Vibrate in place but don't move around freely

  Liquids: Can slide past each other allowing them to flow

  Gases: Move rapidly and freely in all directions, colliding with each other and container walls
• Melting


  Change from solid to liquid when solid is heated and particles gain kinetic energy
• Boiling


  Change from liquid to gas when liquid is heated and particles gain enough kinetic energy to turn into gas
• Boiling vs Evaporation


  Boiling occurs at specific boiling point, evaporation is a slower process that can occur at various temperatures
• Condensing


  Change from gas to liquid when gas loses heat and particles lose kinetic energy and slow down
• Freezing


  Change from liquid to solid when liquid loses heat and particles lose kinetic energy and slow down
• Heating and cooling curves

  Show how temperature changes impact changes in state of matter
• Increasing temperature of a gas

  Increases kinetic energy of particles, causing them to collide more frequently and with greater force, expanding the gas
• Increasing pressure on a gas

  Squeezes the gas particles closer together, reducing the space they occupy
• Diffusion


  Process where particles spread out from high to low concentration areas due to random motion and collisions
• Relative molecular mass and diffusion of gases

  Lighter gas particles move faster and diffuse more quickly than heavier ones