1.8

• Tenth Amendment


  Any power that the Constitution does not explicitly give to the federal government is reserved to the states
• Fourteenth Amendment


  Applied the Bill of Rights to the state governments, the Bill of Rights only protected individual rights from the federal government, now citizens can have protection of their rights from the state governments as well
• Commerce Clause


  Gives Congress the authority to regulate commerce among the states, used over time to justify federal power at the expense of state power
• Necessary & Proper Clause

  Congress has the power to pass any law which shall be deemed "necessary & proper" to carry out their enumerated powers
• Enumerated powers


  Powers explicitly said in the Constitution
• McCulloch vs Maryland (1819): The court agreed in favor of McCulloch, saying that the Necessary & Proper Clause implied certain powers for the federal government even if they were not explicitly stated in the Constitution, Supremacy Clause: Federal law will always overpower state law
• US vs. Lopez (1995): The court agreed in favor of Lopez (the states), said that gun laws should be left to the states